1.5.19. Почвоведение

Functional annotation of genes of localized on Y-chromosome оf human Annotation of genes localized on the Y-x romosome is carried out in the reference genome GRCh38.p7 located in NCBI. The Y-chromosome sequence in this assembly is 57227415 bp. The systematization of information about the functions of genes, biological processes in which their products participate, as well as their localization in cellular components is presented. It is shown that 98 protein-coding genes are localized on the Y chromosome, of which 63 genes are responsible for sex determination and spermatogenesis, 15 genes encode proteins that are part of cellular organelles, for 3 genes functions are unknown.  

Condition of Allium globosum Bieb. ex Redoute сenopopulation in specially protected natural territory «Natural boundary the Black ravine» Shmaraeva Antonina N., Shishlova Zhanna N., Kuzmenko Inna P. Botanical garden of Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; anshmaraeva@sfedu.ru   Abstract: In 2017 for the first time has been described the Rostov region's rare species cenopopulation Allium globosum Bieb. ex Redoute in a specially protected natural territory «Natural boundary the Black ravine». This natural territory of 522,9 hectares is located in the center of White Kalitva district on the right coast of river the Northern Donets, to the south from the farm of Kakichev. The flora of «Natural boundary the Black ravine» contains more than 300 species of angiospermous plants, including 18 taxons, listed in the Red Lists of the Rostov region and Russia. Now only three cenopopulations of Allium globosum are known and all of them in the White Kalitva district; one of them is in the «Natural boundary the Black ravine». Allium globosum is a bulbous-root polycarpous, forming clones, breeds mainly seeds. Cenopopulation of Allium globosum lives on a steep slope of ravine as a part of community of transitional type from the thyme to the stony steppe. The vegetation cover of an ecotope is rarefied, created on skeletal soil, the general projective covering – 60 %. Flora of association contains more than 40 species. In community a cereal herbs (Festuca valesiaca Gaudin, Agropyron pectinatum (Bieb.) Beauv.) and petrofile grasses dominate. The area of cenopopulation is about 10000 sq. m, and its density in places of concentration is 104 specimens on 0,25 sq. m. In an age range the sprouts (46 % of total specimens number) and juvenile plants (41 %) are prevail; immature specimens make 3 %, virgin – 4 %, generative – 6 %. So, by the age structure cenopopulation belongs to normal completed and young. It is characterized by satisfactory indicators of number, density, vitality of specimens that in general provides possibility of its long stable existence.  

Herbarium named after I.V. Novopokrovsky (RV): 100 years of the herbarium collection of K.M. Zalessky Demina Olga Nikolaevna1, Rogal Lyudmila Leonidovna2 1Karachaevo-Circassian State University named after U.D. Aliyeva, Russia, 369200, ul. Lenin, KChGU. E-mail: ondemina@yandex.ru 2 Southern Federal University, Russia, 344006, Rostov-on-Don, Botanical Descent, 7. SFU   Abstract:  The work reviews the herbarium collection of K.M. Zalessky, which has been stored for 100 years in herbarium named after I.V. Novopokrovsky Department of Botany of SFedU (RV). This is about 1 thousand of the most valuable rare specimens. At the beginning of the last century, he collected materials for the knowledge of the vegetation of the Lower Don region. These works, representing an inexhaustible source of botanical knowledge about the vegetation cover of the region, were systematically studied the vegetation cover of the Lower Don basin. The scientists for the first time characterized the types of Don steppes and on the basis of the herbarium, a flora outline was compiled, comprising 328 species of plants indicating their habitats and locations. Some of the places of herbarium fees given in this paper do not already exist or they were found outside the Rostov region: the habitat of Astragalus sulcatus collected by K.M. Zalessky on the meadow on May 31, 2017, in the vicinity of the village of Esaulovskaya, which belonged to the Second Don district (now the Volgograd region), is now flooded with the waters of the Tsimlyansk reservoir; habitats Asplenium septentrionale - the species was found by the scientist on June 5, 2017 in the crevices of the Royal rocks, on the territory of Ukraine (now it is a branch of the Lugansk nature reserve). Therefore, the herbarium collection from the southwestern and southern parts of the former Don Military Region serves as an invaluable historical evidence of the natural past of the Lower Don basin. Currently, the collection of K.M. Zalessky is used both for the compilation of fundamental floristic reports and for constructing various hypotheses on the dynamics of the Don flora and vegetation. These materials are the basis for studying the biological diversity of the Don region.  

Modern problems of natural and technogenic pollution of the environment (review) One of global problems of the present is pollution of the land area and water ecosystems by harmful ingredients. Scales of ecological consequences of environmental pollution steadily grow and consequences can be catastrophic. The number of natural and technogenic catastrophes has grown for the last 100 years by 20 times. Glaciers are intensively thaw in the Arctic and Antarctic . For the last 50 years temperature in the southwest of Antarctic has grown by 2,5 °C. Among natural sources of pollution the leading place is taken by volcanoes (520 acting from 1300), 250 thousand people have died from a tsunami in the Indian Ocean in 2004, because of accident on the NPP in Fukushima (Japan) in 2011 15,5 thousand people have died. Annually in the world there are more than 200 thousand fires, in Russia their quantity has grown from 2000 to 2009 from 9 to 22%. The huge contribution in environmental pollution is brought by the enterprises, motor transport, agriculture (mineral fertilizers, pesticides, etc.). In 31 countries 192 NPPs (more than 450 power units) work, 80-90% of waste of nuclear fuel production are stored locally around nuclear power plants, and then taken out on burial in the mines located in Russia in the Urals and in the USA – in 180 km from Las Vegas. The special danger is caused by nuclear weapon and nuclear waste, space debris, solid and liquid household waste. In the Baltic Sea over 300 thousand tons of the chemical warfare agents (CWA) are buried, in the Kara Sea 17 thousand containers with radioactive waste, 16 nuclear reactors, 5 atomic submarines, etc. are based. Plastic waste has polluted the rivers, the seas and oceans. From 1901 to 2007 in the world there were 1125 largest industrial accidents, more than 6 billion tons of mineral fertilizers, 8,3 billion tons of plastic are made and applied. Studying of diverse influence of anthropogenic factors on the environment is one of the most important current issues. An ultimate goal of such research – protection and improvement of the habitat of the person.  

Methodical principles for determining the bulk density of chernozem Morozov Igor V., Vareldzhan Diana E., Borovikova Yana V., Kolesnikova Nadezhda A. Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; migovad@sfedu.ru Abstract: Bulk density of soils is a fundamental physical value, wich is used in soil science to assess the relationship between solid, liquid and gaseous phases of the soil, to calculation of the total and differential porosity, stocks of substance, estimation of the degree of addition, and other agrophysical characteristic.The purpose of the research is designing of methodical principles for determining of the bulk density of chernozem. The feature of ordinary calcareous chernozem is the change in volume when moisture is varied, it was decisive when research object was choosing. Drilling and calculation methods were used to determine the soil density. Studies have shown that the dynamics of soil moisture is the reason of bulky changes in the soil, which is fixed by us in the form of parameters such as volume compaction and swelling volume. Also volume changes inevitably must be reflected in the change of the parameters of soil density. The dynamics of the bulk density when the soil moisture change is due to the phenomena of swelling and compaction exactly. At that the result of determination of soil bulk density will depend on the initial condition of soil: its moisture and, the occupied volume accordingly. The same soil can have different bulk density values - 1.2 g / cm3 and 1.8 g / cm3, respectively. These values correspond to two possible limiting status of soil as a physical body with a variable volume. We think that the available methods require a conceptual solution; when calculating the bulk density, it is proposed to take into account the dynamics of the volume of the soil, determining the interval «compaction limit of bulk density - swelling limit of bulk density».

About the formation of carbonate horizon of ordinary calcareous chernozems Morozov Igor V., Bezuglova Olga S., Minaeva Evgeniya N. Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, migovad@sfedu.ru Investigations were carried out on ordinary calcareous chernozem, which is named as migrate-segregated chernozem according to the Soil Classification of Russia (2004). The genesis of calcareous horizons is significantly linked with long-term dynamics of carbonates' precipitation. According to our opinion, upper boundary and deepness of accumulation of calcareous concentrations are determined by pulsating nature of the annual sum of atmospheric precipitations and their distribution during long-term cycle. The bottom boundary of water infiltration for significant part of atmospheric precipitations during 33th year period of observations is genetically related with a part of soil profile where calcareous concentrations are formed. About 71 % of the annual sum of atmospheric precipitations is percolated to the depth from 80 to 159 cm as a result of water infiltration into soil profile. It is an evidence of the paleomorphic nature of soil horizon where water-soluble salts and gypsum are significantly accumulated at depth 210-250 cm, and the same time is a proof of the absence of link with modern chernozemic soil-forming process.

The specific of degraded pastures' formation while climate change in the Western Pricaspiy Gasanova Zarema Ulubiyevna, Zagidova Raisat Murtuzaliyevna Precaspian Institute of Biological Resources of Daghestan Scientific Center RAS, Russia, zgasanova@list.ru  Steppening of pastures in the Western Caspian has smoothed a little the natural factors of soil and vegetative cover degradation, but the problem of degradation remains relevant due to anthropogenic pressure increasing by small horned livestock overgrazing and raising the level of saline groundwater. The purpose of the study is to assess the influence of climate on the example of light chestnut and meadow saline soils and vegetation. Within the Terek-Sulak lowland the horizon A has been reduced in light chestnut and meadow solonchak soils for 50 years, the salt content in soils has increased two-three times. Long-term impact on pastoral ecosystems of natural and anthropogenic factors have led to significant changes in the indigenous meadow and meadow-steppe communities. In plant associations there is a decrease in the quantity of valuable species of fodder forage (Agropyrum). Restoration of pastures is mainly due to feather grasses having a large mass and distributional areas. In the Terek-Kuma lowland an increase in the amount of precipitation for 20 years has stimulated the optimization of light chestnut soils located on the dominant elements of the relief, in the upper 28-cm thick the salt content decreased. On degraded areas of light- and medium loamy light-chestnut soils, there is an increase of one-year-old saline groupings and ephemerals. In the cereal and wormwood associations increased the participation of feather grasses (Stipa), valuable in the fodder of Camphorosma. On eroded areas of sandy loamy chestnut soils "self-melioration" is observed: in the abandoned roads and blowing basins Salsola Kali ("roll-field") accumulates, where it breaks up, creating an anti-deflation cover. On meadow solonchak soils, the content of salts increased two to five times, the participation of one-year-old saline plant associations increased.

Soil-ecological state of technogenic landscapes of Novokuznetsk industrial complex Dvurechenskiy Vadim G., Androhanov Vladimir A. Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia; dvu-vadim@mail.ru Abstract: The article reflects the features of the formation of the soil cover of technogenic ecosystems that form on various substrates. Based on the results of soil mapping, an assessment of the soil-ecological state of technogenic landscapes of the Novokuznetsk industrial complex located in the south of Western Siberia in the Kemerovo region is given. Some variants of reclamation are offered. As a result of recultivation work and natural restoration of vegetation, young soils are formed on the surface of man-made ecosystems - embriozems and technozems. The quality of such soils and coverage area characterize the soil-ecological state of the ecosystem. The soil-ecological state of the Baydayevsky coal mine is considered good, since for the last 20 years the most evolutionarily developed embryozems humus-accumulative and technozems humusogenic have been diagnosed on its surface. The soil-ecological state of the ash dumps of the Tom-Usinsky State District Power Plant and the tailing dumps of the Abagursky concentration factory is considered unsatisfactory, since for a long time (about 20 years), the development of the soil cover has stopped at the initial and organo-accumulative stage, in connection with the properties of the substrate. The physicochemical characteristics of different types of soils in man-made landscapes revealed that the most qualitative changes in physicochemical properties occurred in embryozems and technozems formed on a coal-cut dump; less qualitative - on tailing dumps and ash dumps. Therefore, it can be stated that the man-made substratum composing ash dumps and tailings is less suitable for carrying out biological recultivation. Without the recultivation works of the land reclamation plan aimed at creating an artificial root layer, these facilities will have a negative impact on the ecological situation in the area of ??their location for a long time.

MicroRNA: markers of male infertility. The molecular basis of dysfunction and pathogenesis of male reproductive system are not fully known at the moment, but the results of several researches revealed that microRNAs play an important roles in precise regulation of post-transcriptional processes in spermatogenesis. It is involved in immune reactions, thermal and oxidative stress responses, it directs effects on proliferation and differentiation, chromatin compactification, apoptosis, affects the synthesis of functionally important proteins in the metabolism of spermatozoa, the synthesis of proteins involved in sperm motility, et cetera. All these facts are sufficiently confirm that differentially expressed in normal and pathological processes of sperm production  microRNAs can be used as reliable markers for different variants of patospermia. Considering that the spermatogenesis disturbance is one of the most significant cause  of male infertility, identification of specific microRNAs and studying of its regulatory mechanisms are very important for the formation of through understanding of the problem of male infertility and for the development of therapeutic methods. So, the main purpose of this article is compilation a literature review over the past six years on the topic of altered expression of microRNAs in seminal plasma, testicular tissue in several types of spermathogenesis abnormalities. In generally, analysis of the literature sources has shown that miR-15, miR-126, miR-449, miR-514, miR-517, miR-1260 are down-regulated and miR-99, miR-141, miR-193, miR-373, miR-429 are up-regulated in various pathologies of spermatogenesis. Expression profiling of the following microRNAs in various pathologies of spermatogenesis have also been repeatedly noted by researchers, but the concentration of each of them could be increased and decreased depending on the type of pathospermia: miR-16, miR-19, miR-26, miR-29, miR-30, miR-34, miR-122, miR-125, miR-181, miR-374, miR-509, miR-574.    

Model operation of efficiency of crop rotations in the conditions of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia Alternation of crops, will remain a fundamental element of zonal technologies of their cultivation for a long time. Application of methods of mathematical model operation will allow to come to new level in the solution of the questions of effective use of an arable land, through application of models optimizing it. Results of researches which basis data of long-term observations are will be especially valuable. They used data of the long-lived stationary experiments on studying of alternation of crops in crop rotations of last more than five rotation. Stationary experiences are located in a forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia on the fields FGBNU "SIBNIISKH". The purpose of researches consisted in optimization of use of an arable land at application of methods of mathematical model operation for preservation of soil fertility. The model allowing when performing particular conditions is given in work (balance of a humus, work expense, a metabolic cost, etc.) to optimize use of an arable land against the background of preservation of soil fertility of the soil, receiving production, economic and power efficiency. It is shown that at alternation of grain crops with clear steam, formation of a harvest happens due to natural fertility of the soil what the negative balance of a humus which reaches 0,18 – 0,78 tons from hectare testifies to. At alternation of field cultures without clear steam the harvest was formed against the background of reproduction of organic matter of the soil, due to increase in vegetable oddments from use of fertilizers, the balance of a humus was positive – 0,15 – 0,28 tons from hectare. Use along with clear steam, busy steam, colza on green fertilizer, and also straw as organic fertilizer for grain crops, 2,01 tons from hectare of commodity grain were received, at a share of clear steam – 16,8%, busy steam – 11%, summer grain – 72,2% of arable land. Increasing in crop rotations of Zapadnoy Sibiri Square with use as organic fertilizer of straw, busy vapors and green udbreniye, it is possible to achieve reproduction of fertility of the soil with some decrease in an exit of commodity grain to 2 tons from hectare.    

Effect of Combined Magnetic Fields with Very Weak Alternating Component on Duration of Pupal Metamorphosis Stage in Mealworm Beetle Tenebrio molitor It is shown that an exposure of pupae of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor to the combined static (42 µT) and very weak extremely low-frequency alternating collinear magnetic fields exerts different influence, depending on the frequency of the alternating magnetic field (AMF), on duration of metamorphosis processes in these insects. For instance, a no less than 8 hour-exposure of young pupae to weak combined magnetic fields, adjusted to the frequency of ion cyclotron resonance for Ca2+ (32.2 Hz) at the AMF of 100 and 250 nT, inhibits metamorphosis process – a transitional stage from pupae to imago lasts longer. In contrast, a stimulating effect was observed when adjusted to cyclotron frequency for ion of glutaminic acid (4.4 Hz) at the amplitudes of 40, 100 and 250 nT. At the weaker amplitudes of the AMF this effect is not seen. For instance, an exposure at a frequency of 4.4 Hz, the amplitude of AMF 6, 16 nT and at a frequency of 32.2 Hz, the amplitude of AMF 6, 16 and 40 nT exerts no noticeable effect on the duration of the pupal metamorphosis stage.

Poliomyelitis: on the way to eradication In the pre-vaccine era, poliovirus was the main cause of disability in children. Today, the endemic transmission of poliovirus occurs in some areas of only three countries - Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria, the number of polio cases has declined by more than 99 %. Of the three strains of wild poliovirus, only Type 1 continues to be detected. But the risks associated with unprotected low-level transmissions remain, which threatens the return of poliomyelitis epidemics in these countries and the spread of the virus to other countries in which poliomyelitis has been eradicated.The aim of this work is to analyze the state of the epidemic of poliomyelitis in Russia and in the world, the progress made in interrupting transmission of poliovirus and preventing outbreaks of circulating poliovirus vaccine origin (cVDPV); a review of the existing poliomyelitis vaccines and researches in this area (including the development of vaccines that do not contain live virus), vaccination problems in the final phase of elimination.The article highlights the importance of monitoring the maintenance of immunization coverage rates for children in decreed ages, the detection of type 2 polioviruses (wild, vaccine-bearing or vaccine-derived (Sabin strain) after a global transition from trivalent oral polio vaccine to bivalent OPV, discontinuation of oral poliomyelitis vaccine to eliminate rare long-term risks of the appearance of cVDPV and other measures to prevent the occurrence of cases of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis; a growing role for the environmental surveillance system; the need to continue fundamental research on poliovirus as a model system of other similar viruses that pose a threat to health.    

The relationship the biochemical composition of artificial nutrient media, morphological and physiological indicators of larvae great wax moth (Galleria mellonella L.) The article presents the research to explore the relationship of biochemical composition of the studied artificial nutrient media and morphological, physiological indicators of larvae of Galleria mellonella. To explore this issue was taken up widely used artificial nutrient media. This artificial nutrient media includes such ingredients as flour, dry milk, brewer's yeast, honey, glycerin, bran, beeswax, water. Material studies are the greater wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella L.) and artificial nutrient media, which prepared according to the recipes of different authors. Statistical analysis showed that the significant relationship of the studied biochemical and morphological indicators. Calculation of correlation of the analyzed indicators have revealed a strong positive correlation between the content of initial moisture in the larvae and their survival (+0,80). The maximum initial moisture in the larvae observed in the experimental group according to the recipe of V. Ya. Ismailov and others № 1 of 68,05 %, while the survival rate in this group was 84,17 % by 11,44% above the control. Also the average negative correlation was revealed between ash content and mass of larvae (-0,66). In addition, the average direct correlation was revealed of the content of crude protein in the feed and crude protein in larvae (+0,64). Noted that the initial moisture of larvae and crude fat in the artificial nutrient media has a reverse correlation – -0,71. Thus, the artificial nutrient medium, balanced in protein, fat and carbohydrates, significantly increases the biological capacity of the insect. Recipe of Russian scientists E. M. Shagov, I. G. Ulanova, E. M. Aslanyan  [7] is selected from considered artificial nutrient media on a number of morphological and physiological indicators.

The involvement of microsatellite AGC in population-genetic differentiation of cattle for resistance to infection by the virus of bovine leukemia Glazko V.I. 1,2, Kosovsky G. Yu. 2, Tagmazian A.A. 2, Glazko V.I. 1,2, 1Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow agricultural Academy (MTAA) named after K.A. Timiryazev, Russian Federation Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, Moscow 127550 2Federal State Budget Scientific Institution Center of Experimental Embryology and Reproductive Biotechnologies, 127422 Russian Federation, Moscow, Kostyakova str., 12, bld.4. Abstract:  The comparative analysis of the genetic structures of cattle groups that differ in bovine leucosis virus (BLV) infection, according to polymorphism of different lengths DNA fragments flanked by microsatellite inverted repeats (GAG)6C, (AG)9C, (AGC)6G (ISSR-PCR markers) was carried out. The animals were divided into three groups - free from infection (REID-BLV-) and two groups of infected ones: bearing antibodies to viral proteins and cell clones with insertions in genomic DNA of proviruses DNA BLV (RID+BLV+) and carriers of antibodies to viral proteins, but no cell clones with proviruses DNA BLV insertions (RID+BLV-). Identified involvement in intergroup differentiation of genomic DNA fragments of different lengths flanked by inverted repeat sequences of microsatellite (AGC)6G, which, according to the literature, is closely associated with retrotransposons. Genetic distances estimated according to such fragments, were almost two times more between groups of RID-BLV- and RID+BLV+, compared to the differences between the RID-BLV- and RID+BLV-. The involvement in population-genetic differentiation of cattle for resistance to BLV infection the mechanisms of intracellular protection from retrotransposition were discussed.   

Sod soils with groundwater and surface moisture of the Republic of Belarus (general characteristics and distinctive featur Pirogovskaya Galina Vladimirovna Abstract. The article describes the sod  soils of groundwater and surface moisture in Belarus based on the catenary genetic research and the results of the study of their properties, including studies after long drying. Comparative data on their morphological characteristics, physical and chemical properties, and the content of the absolute total reserves of moisture, organic matter, clay fraction and physical clay in layers of soil 0-20 cm, 0-50 and 0-100 cm, the bulk composition of the clay fraction are presented. It is shown that in sod soils with groundwater moisture the degree of chemical differentiation is reduced with an increase in moisture level, ie, profiles of sod temporarily excessively wetted soil and soils with partial gley features are differentiated chemically significantly stronger than sod-gley soils. Conversely, in the swampy sod soil with surface moisture degree of chemical differentiation grows with an increase in the hydration, that is, the profile of sod-gley soils is differentiated significantly stronger than that of temporarily excessively wetted soils and soils with partial gley features. Drainage of  all waterlogged sod soils is accompanied by a decrease of humus content, a change in its qualitative composition, the latter is particularly noticeable in the soils with groundwater soil moisture. This is due to the fact that the drainage of the sod soil with groundwater soil moisture causes irreversible changes in the general direction of the soil-forming process - the development of podzol. When draining sod soils with surface moisture there is an enhanced lessivage, while the soils stay amenable to cultivation and are recommended for use in intensive crop rotations.

Changes of Organic Carbon Pools in the Southern Taiga and Forest-Steppe of European Russia during the Historical Period Chernova Olga Vladimirovna, Ryzhova Irina Mikhaylovna, Podvezennaya Marina Aleksandrovna Abstract: Regional estimates of changes of organic carbon pools for Kostroma oblast (southern taiga) and Kursk oblast (forest-steppe) during the historical period were discussed. Actual and potential carbon pools in the phytomass and the 100-cm soil layer were calculated on a single map-based, with due account for the classification position of particular soils, their texture,  the character and age structure of forest stands, and land use patterns were taken into account. It was shown that the modern total organic carbon pool of Kostroma oblast by almost 25% below its potential; for the Kursk oblast this difference more than 30%. Soil organic сarbon pool of Kostroma region hasn't changed, a phytomass сarbon pool decreased by 40% due to the active use of forest resources. The high degree of plowing in Kursk region and almost complete reduction of woody vegetation led to a significant reduction in carbon pools of phytomass (75%) and soil (by 23-27%).

Fireweed (Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.) from the Rostov region in herbarium collections in Russia O.N. Demina, L.L. Rogal, M.A. Abacharaeva Abstract. The paper provides an overview of the accumulated data and a brief history of the use of the fireweed (Chamaenerion angustifolium) in connection with its assumed harvesting. in Rostov region it is considered to be a rare species, listed in the regional Red Book, but in the adjacent areas the fireweed has no legal protection status. The above said served as the  basis for the study of herbarium collections that are stored in the country's largest herbariums. The obtained data allow us to determine its location in the basin of the Lower Don (basin of the river Glubokaja) and undertake measures aimed at the  protection of C. angustifolium in the Rostov region.

The content and distribution of heavy metals in gray forest soil and the specificity of their receipt in plants Konarbaeva Galina A., Yakimenko Vladimir N. Institute of soil science and agrochemistry Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia; konarbaeva@issa.nsc.ru Content and distribution of heavy metals in grey forest soil and specificity of their intake by plants Summary: The content and distribution of copper, cobalt and zinc were studied in the system plant – soil of long-term trial established at grey forest soil in the forest steppe belt of Western Siberia. The mineral fertilizers (nitrogenous, phosphoric and potassic) which were yearly applied in the agrocenosis in the course of a quarter of century served as a permanent source of heavy metals (HM). The conducted studies showed that optimization on of mineral nutrition of plants not only ensured of full value productional process but also reduced the content of HM in soil and plants. More over, the conducted studies confirmed general regularity of limitation of HM entry into reproductive and storage organs (seeds, fruits, tubers) and their heightened accumulation in generative organs (leaves, stems). Long-term use of scientifically grounded doses of fertilizers did not lead to accumulation of HM in soil and plants in meaningful amounts as concerns of active sanitary and hygienic guidelines. At the same time, contemporary level of chemicalization of farming requires the monitoring of HM under study in order to reveal their excess and lack.

Yao Mu, Xinzhi Mu Fossil energy is the product of a series of complex chemical reactions inside the earth under high temperature and pressure that occur over a long period of geological time. The production of fossil energy requires a tremendous heat source. Although the majority of coal, oil and gas exist in sedimentary basins with rich geothermal resources, a “sea of oil” or “sea of gas” does not occur within the crust. Petroleum, natural gas, shale gas, etc. exist underground in a huge “capillary network” that consists of rock pores, cracks, caves, faults and sand. Cracks and faults may be entirely within the crust. Deposits of fossil energy only cover a small portion of the earth’s surface, and the maximum depth of human mining is only 5 kilometers. Petroleum, natural gas and shale gas seal these pores, cracks, faults and sand beds, effectively preventing excessive leakage of terrestrial heat flow. The enormous pressure formed by petroleum, natural gas and shale gas within the crust oppose the earth’s interior thermal pressure, achieving a dynamic balance. Once petroleum, natural gas and shale gas have been mined, the earth’s interior terrestrial heat flow follows the capillary network because of the loss of thermal insulation and heat-sealants and eventually reaches the surface, causing the crust underlying the surface to “fever” and triggering ecological and geological disasters. Huge amounts of extreme dispersed heat force the water vapor, CO2, CH4 and other gases from the crust into the atmosphere and oceans, which disrupts the atmospheric energy balance and causes climate change and meteorological disasters. With increasing sea temperatures, air humidity has also increased, which has produced the strongest recorded typhoons, hurricanes and tropical cyclones, as well as the strongest recorded local rainfall, snow, drought, winter and cold conditions. These conditions are expected to become more frequent, with the weather becoming more extreme and violent. Global climate will long-term warming if energy mining does not stop.

The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene (FSHR) polymorphisms and hormon levels in women undergoing assisted reproductive treatment This study was performed to investigate the association between FSH receptor (FSHR) gene polymorphism at position 680 and the number of dominant follicles, also the FSH and LH levels before controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and after it. One hundred patients from 24 to 42 who underwent IVF-ET procedures were included in this study. Three groups were formed: patients with normal ovary response, patients with ovary hyperstimulation and patients with poor ovary response. The FSHR polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The FSHR genotype distribution in patients with normal ovary response was 45,3%  for AA, 39,6% for AG and  15,1% for GG. There was no difference among the three genotype groups. The basal levels of FSH and levels after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation were significantly higher in patients with poor ovary response. LH levels after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation were significantly lower in patients with normal ovary response. The basal levels of AMH were significantly higher in patients with ovary hyperstimulation.