1.5.19. Почвоведение

To the future without poliomyelitis: the state of the epidemic, vaccination issues (review) Belova Olga Evgenevna FBRI SRC VB «Vector», Koltsovo, Novosibirsk reg., Russia   Abstract:  Polio is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It invades the nervous system, and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours. Among those paralysed, 5% to 10% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized.The review analyzes the epidemiological situation of poliomyelitis in the world, describes the progress and risks associated with vaccine-derived polioviruses, the existing immunization tactics and the prospects for creating new safe and effective vaccines - genetically stable oral polio vaccine and available inactivated polio vaccine, innovative vaccine delivery and administration technologies, Studies conducted in this direction. The importance of detecting and terminating transmission of poliovirus, improving epidemiological surveillance and response to outbreaks, planning for efforts to ensure a poliomyelitis-free world after poliovirus elimination, including poliovirus containers, population protection, detection and response to sudden, recurrent outbreaks of poliomyelitis, is underlined.  

Comparison of Supervised Classification Techniques and Gaussian Mixture Distribution Method for Estimating Land Use Type on the Landsat 7 Satellite Data The applications of remote sensing on the land cover classification are very important for lands planning. . For this purpose multispectral satellite data uses in agricultural areas due to practically in large-scale. Many of the studies have been carried out with supervised classification based on pixel function. However, it is not possible to determine what kind of uses are in the land where the natural pattern distribution is unknown. For this reason, some statistical approaches and conditional algorithms are trying in the classification. The most common of these is Gaussian mixture distribution analysis (GMD). Mixture distribution analysis is multivariate statistical methods that deal with the separation of objects or different clusters of observations and the re-organization of pre-defined groups. This study was conducted for classification of sugar beet and wheat with grassland by using SC and GMD on the Landsat 7 ETM+ data in 1850 ha areas of Konya region and the spatial ranges were compared with the location realities. The result of calculations has shown the SC estimated sugar beet, wheat and grassland with accuracy coefficients at 0.88, 0.90, 0.83, respectively. On the other hand, GMD predicted with accuracy coefficients at 0.94 for sugar beet, 0.96 for wheat and 0.92 for grassland. As a result, GMD can be used with high accuracy in the detection of different land cover types in unknown lands. However, similar studies should be performed on different types of land cover for creation of spectral libraries, thus GMD could determine all of the land cover types.

Influence of herbicides on the productivity of maize in the conditions of ordinary chernozems in the Rostov Region Eng. Influence of herbicides on the productivity of maize in the conditions of ordinary chernozems in the Rostov Region  Grinko A.V., Polienko E.A. Federal Rostov Agricultural Research Center, Rassvet, grinko82@mail.ru  Abstract. One of the most important ways to increase the yield of corn is to control weed vegetation using chemical protection preparations. It is necessary to assess the level of harmfulness and selection of herbicide. The preparation should correspond to the floral composition of the weeds. In the Rostov region in many cases, the use of herbicidal preparations in the form of tank mixtures is optimal, therefore 6 variants of herbicides from different chemical classes were chosen as the objects of the study. As a result of the research, it was found that the use of combined herbicidal preparations containing several active substances is most effective. This allows to significantly expand the range of action of herbicides and increase their efficiency and payback.  

Agrochemical characteristics of mining-heap complexes with various substrata Agrochemical characteristics of mining-heap complexes with various substrata Dmitrakova Y.A., Abakumov E.V. Saint-Petersburg State University Russia, dmitrakovay.a@gmail.com Abstract: With the aim to evaluate of key agrochemical soil characteristics 8 mining-heap complexes were investigated on example of mines for exploitation building materials.  The study sites were located in Leningrad, Novgorod and Tula regions. Objects are presented by 3 limestones, 3 sandy-gravel, 1 phosphorite and 1 fireproof clays mines. All the quarries were presented by maximal diverse ecotopes, where soil pits were created and sampling were conducted.  Soil acidity, total organic carbon and available forms of phosphorous, potassium, ammonia and nitrates were determined in the lab. Data obtained showed that content of nutrients variates within the soil profile depth and this fact illustrate unhomogenety of substrata on heaps. All the ground characteristics are favorable for vegetation development. The only exception was fixed for soil on the pyrite containing ground with extremely acid reaction.  The nutrients content and pH values were strongly affected by relief and reclamation technology, at least it was more pronounced than type of parent material. Despite on popular opinion that substrate of mines are usually poor in terms of nutriens content, in our study their content was comparable or even higher that in natural soils.    

Air masses and pollution transport to some Northern regions of European Russia were studied with trajectory statistics. We used EMEP data on lead and cadmium emissions to the atmosphere from Europe in 2010-2014. This dataset is most suitable for current investigation aiming to separate the contributions to pollution of the Northern Russia environment from sources of European part of Russia (1) and from the rest European territories (2). In some years at some points contributions (2) may be sizable (up to 50% and more), but as a whole the North of European Russia is polluted by the own Russian anthropogenic sources. As calculated, spatial, seasonal, and interannual variations in environmental pollution may be as high as 10 times and more. Spatial variations are determined by different distances between investigation points and the main sources of pollutants. Seasonal variations in air concentrations depend on the difference in deposition velocities for different seasons. Interannual variations in pollution level in Northern regions are caused by diversity of atmospheric circulation pattern, and (in less degree) by emission differences from year to year.

The content of mortmass and biodynamics of arable soil under conditions of real agrotechnology in Siberia Eng. The content of mortmass and biodynamics of arable soil under conditions of real agrotechnology in Siberia Danilova A.A.Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630501 Novosibirsk oblast. Krasnoobsk, a/b 356Danilova7alb@yandex.ru Abstract:We reviewed the literature data and the results of our own research in order to show the dependence of the ecologically significant biological properties of the soil on the content of the mortmass. The transfer of virgin soil to arable land leads to the mineralization of mobile organic matter stocks. In the long-term arable soil, all properties, including biological ones, stabilize at a lower level in comparison to the virgin soil. The use of fertilizers for plant nutrition can increase the total soil organic carbon content by only 0.1-0.2%. But the increase of mortmass carbon content can be more significant. Consequently, we have the opportunity to influence the biodynamics of the soil by changing of plant residues amount in the soil. In conditions of 4 grain-crop rotations, the influence of 4 doses of stubble wheat residues (2,2; 6,5; 7,2; 9,5 t/ha in year) on soil properties was studied. In 10 years after the beginning of the observations, the amount of mortmass was accordingly equal to 400, 690, 880, 1040 mg С/kg. The indicators of the biological activity of the soil increased by about 30-50%The relationship between the biological activity indicators and the detoxification activity of the soil was not straightforward.The most optimal dose of plant residues from ecological and agrotechnological positions was a dose equal to 6,5 t / ha, which provided detoxification of pesticides within the current growing season. Thus, there is the posibility to optimize the ecotoxicological situation in the arable soil at the expense of the agrocenosis's own resources.

Diurnal changes of weight and fat reserves in the Eurasian blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus, Aves) during winter period Eng. Diurnal changes of weight and fat reserves in the Eurasian blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus, Aves) during winter period Gavrilov Vadim V. S.N. Skadovsky Zvenigorod Biological Station, Biology department of the M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University,119991 Moscow, Russia; vadimgavrilov@yandex.ru Research was carried out in 1999 - 2018 at Zvenigorod Biological Station (the Moscow Region, Russia, 55o44' N, 36o51' E). Birds were caught by mist-nets. All the birds were banded, fat reserves and weight were determined and then birds were released. In total 58 Eurasian blue tit were caught. The daily rhythm of body weight of Eurasian blue tits can be divided into two periods: from 8 to 13 hours and from 13 to 19 hours. The body weight in the second half of the day - from 13 to 19 hours - is significantly higher than at other times. At night, the body weight of birds decreases. Fat reserves of Eurasian blue tits are maximal at the end of the day, with the last evening hours practically unchanged. Between 16 and 19 hours fat reserves are higher than at other times. Fat reserves decrease throughout the night and continue to decrease in the morning, reaching a minimum at 12 hours, after which they increase.

New information on the genetic differentiation of the mound-building mouse Mus spicilegus Petenyi, 1882. Eng.  New information on the genetic differentiation of the mound-building mouse Mus spicilegus Petenyi, 1882. Maltsev A.N. ¹, Stakheev V.V. 2, Bogdanov A.S.3, Panasyuk N.V. 2, Kotenkova E.V. ¹ ¹Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia;aleks.maltcev@gmail.com ²Federal Research Centre The Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russia ³Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Abstract: New results on phylogenetics and phylogeny of the mound-building mouse Mus spicilegus Petenyi, 1882 were obtained. The eastern boundary of this species is  traced in Russia through the territories of the Kursk, Belgorod and Rostov regions. The objectives of the study: assessment of genetic variability and analysis of phylogenetic relationships between the populations of the mound-building mice in the eastern part of the range, which was insufficiently studied in this respect. As a result of phylogenetic analysis, we found that there are two phylogroups of mound-building mice - eastern and western. The first includes individuals of M. spicilegus from the eastern part of the range (Moldova, Crimea, Rostov Region), the second one – animals from central and southern Europe (Austria, Montenegro, Serbia, Greece). Earlier, subspecies of mound-building mice in southern Europe was identified – M. s. adriaticus. On the phylogenetic tree in our work, this subspecies is allocated to a separate phylogroup. The first phylogroup is ancestral from the Balkan Peninsula, which has a higher genetic diversity, the second one located in the eastern part of the range, characterized by low genetic variability.

Bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus and C.rutilus) reaction to house mouse odor in large enclosures Eng.  Bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus and C.rutilus) reaction to house mouse odor in large enclosures Osipova Olga V. 1, Kozhukhantseva Ekaterina A. 2, Kotenkova Elena V. 1 1A.N.Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 2 Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MVA named after K. I. Skryabin, Moscow, Russia Abstract: House mice have got hard odor which seems to protect their territory from the other rodent species. Peculiarities of bank and red voles’ reaction to house mouse odor put upon traps were studied. Visual observations of voles’ behavior near traps with and without mouse odor were conducted in large (120 sq. m) enclosures where voles lived in groups. Species, sex and social status was found to be significant for the type of the reaction. Voles of both species with high social ranks got into the traps with equal frequency and stayed there for equal time. Bank vole males with low social rank avoided traps with the odor. By contrast red vole females preferred to stay in these traps.         

To the knowledge of some species of the genus Paederidus Mulsant & Rey, 1878 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae) from the Western Palaearctic Eng. To the knowledge of some species of the genus Paederidus Mulsant & Rey, 1878 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae) from the Western Palaearctic   Khachikov Eduard A. Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia. e_hachikov@mail.ru Abstract We studied the morphology of endofallus of species Paederidus ruficollis (Fabricius, 1777), P. sanguinicollis (Motchulsky, 1860), P. punctiventris Scheerpeltz, 1957, P. rubrothoracicus (Goeze, 1777) and related forms from the Caucasus, Europe, Turkey and Algeria in this paper. This allowed is making additions to the European fauna of the genus Paederidus Mulsant & Rey, 1878: selected the new subspecies P. ruficollis carpaticus subsp. n. from the Western Ukraine. And just to clarify the species composition of the same genus in the Northern Caucasus, is including three species: Paederidus caucasicus Scheerpeltz, 1957, nom. resurr. = P. sanguinicollis (Motschulsky, 1860), syn. n.; P. punctiventris and Paederidus sp. 1, and excluded from the fauna of this region species – Paederidus ruficollis and P. rubrothoracicus.  

Sheyko Elena A.1, Sytnikov Denis M.2 1 S.I. Georgievsky Medical Academy  of Vernadsky CFU, Simferopol, Russian Federation; lenasheyko@mail.ru 2 Odessa I.I Mechnikov National University, Odessa, Ukraine   Abstract: Anatomy-morphological, symbiotic and allelopathic peculiarities of four representatives of the Orchidaceae Juss., the Crimea geophyte species: Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz s. l., Dactylorhiza iberica (M. Bieb. exWilld.) Soo?, Epipactis persica (Soó) Nannf. s. l., Ophrys mammosa Desf. subsp. taurica (Aggeenko) Soo? were studied. Biochemical, physiological, microscopic methods of research and methods of statistic alanalysis were used. As a result of the conducted researches, the features of the localization of the endomycotrophic component, the dynamics of symbiotic and allelopathic relations at various stages of ontogenesis, the influence of edaphic factors on the degree of mycotrophy were revealed. It was established that in the rhizomatous orchid species the degree of mycotrophy is lower than in the fleshy root species. The dynamics of symbiotic relationships varied according to ontogenesis phases. Occurrence of the mycorrhizal infection decreases from juvenile to a generative stage in the studied species. As the degree of mycotrophy increases, the number of ovules and seeds in the capsule increases. By the means of qualitative histochemical reactions it was established that the dynamics of allelopathic interactions is due to the accumulation of lignin, pectin and phenolic compounds in the tissues of the primary cortex of the orchids` rhizome. When studying the hormonal complex of fungi associated with orchids, the ability to excrete auxins and cytokinins into the external environment was revealed. It opens the possibility of microorganisms impact on overall hormonal balance of plants, stimulating additional rooting of orchids, as well as to influence the germination of their seeds. It was defined that the reproductive strategy of the investigated species of orchids is determined by the degree of interaction with the mycorhizal fungi, the peculiarities of the growing conditions and the nature of the studied species pollination.   

Materials on moulting of Dice snake (Natrix tessellata) (Serpentes, Colubridae, Natrix) in mainland and island populations of the western coast of Middle Caspian The article presents data on a molting of the Dice snake (Natrix tessellata) on the western coast of the Middle Caspian. The sex and the age differences in the frequency of moulting and the duration of the intervals separating of them have been revealed. A general increase in molting frequency in individuals of the island population were established. Approximately at 30% of the dice snakes of continental populations on the recreationally transformed areas of the territory were marked moult violations, which were expressed a fragmented of the pull off of the skin. There was a strong positive correlation between the length of the intervals between molts and the length of the body of snakes.  

Heavy metals in soils and road dust in the Stoilo-Lebedinsky mining complex. The content of heavy metals and metalloids were investigated in iron ore, soils and road dustin surrounding the Stoilo-Lebedinsky mining complex of Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, where a lot of mining, metallurgical and other enterprises are located. It was shown that this territory is subject to aerotechnogenic pollution by a large set of chemical elements, but because of their low background content in mined iron ore and natural variation of soil composition, it is difficult to identify the technogenic impact using gross analysis. The determination of chemical elements associated with iron in Tamm extract in combination with chemical composition of road dust, is the most informative way to detect anthropogenic impact on territory, influenced by ferrous metallurgy enterprises.  

Influence of elements of cultivation technology on soybean yield on chernozems of ordinary Grinko Artem V., Kulygin Vladimir A. Don Zonal Research Institute of Agriculture, Rassvet, Russia; grinko82@mail.ru Abstract: Improvement of the elements of soybean cultivation technology for obtaining high and sustainable yields is an actual task of agricultural production. To do this, it is necessary to optimize the factors that influence the growth and development of plants, as well as use the achievements of selection. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of important elements of technology (the method of soil cultivation, levels of mineral nutrition, the rate of seeding) on the yield of soybeans in the soil-climatic conditions of the Priazovskaya zone of the Rostov Region. The research was carried out on the experimental field of the Don Zonal Research Institute of Agriculture in 2014—2017. The article presents the results of research on a new variety of soybean Kazachka. The highest yield of soybean was obtained with the moldboard method of soil cultivation, high level of mineral nutrition N80P80K80 and seeding rate 0.7 million pcs / ha, it was 19.5 c / ha. The yield of soybeans for chisel soil cultivation was less by 1.2 centner / ha, or 6.1%. The best payback of 1 kg of fertilizers was obtained at the medium level of mineral nutrition (N40P40K40), regardless of the method of soil cultivation and the seeding rate, it was 3.33 kg / kg. In the conditions of a shortage of energy and mineral resources, the most effective combination of elements of soybean cultivation technology: chisel soil cultivation, medium level of mineral nutrition and seed rate of 0.7 million pcs / ha.  

Functional annotation of genes of localized on Y-chromosome оf human Annotation of genes localized on the Y-x romosome is carried out in the reference genome GRCh38.p7 located in NCBI. The Y-chromosome sequence in this assembly is 57227415 bp. The systematization of information about the functions of genes, biological processes in which their products participate, as well as their localization in cellular components is presented. It is shown that 98 protein-coding genes are localized on the Y chromosome, of which 63 genes are responsible for sex determination and spermatogenesis, 15 genes encode proteins that are part of cellular organelles, for 3 genes functions are unknown.  

Condition of Allium globosum Bieb. ex Redoute сenopopulation in specially protected natural territory «Natural boundary the Black ravine» Shmaraeva Antonina N., Shishlova Zhanna N., Kuzmenko Inna P. Botanical garden of Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; anshmaraeva@sfedu.ru   Abstract: In 2017 for the first time has been described the Rostov region's rare species cenopopulation Allium globosum Bieb. ex Redoute in a specially protected natural territory «Natural boundary the Black ravine». This natural territory of 522,9 hectares is located in the center of White Kalitva district on the right coast of river the Northern Donets, to the south from the farm of Kakichev. The flora of «Natural boundary the Black ravine» contains more than 300 species of angiospermous plants, including 18 taxons, listed in the Red Lists of the Rostov region and Russia. Now only three cenopopulations of Allium globosum are known and all of them in the White Kalitva district; one of them is in the «Natural boundary the Black ravine». Allium globosum is a bulbous-root polycarpous, forming clones, breeds mainly seeds. Cenopopulation of Allium globosum lives on a steep slope of ravine as a part of community of transitional type from the thyme to the stony steppe. The vegetation cover of an ecotope is rarefied, created on skeletal soil, the general projective covering – 60 %. Flora of association contains more than 40 species. In community a cereal herbs (Festuca valesiaca Gaudin, Agropyron pectinatum (Bieb.) Beauv.) and petrofile grasses dominate. The area of cenopopulation is about 10000 sq. m, and its density in places of concentration is 104 specimens on 0,25 sq. m. In an age range the sprouts (46 % of total specimens number) and juvenile plants (41 %) are prevail; immature specimens make 3 %, virgin – 4 %, generative – 6 %. So, by the age structure cenopopulation belongs to normal completed and young. It is characterized by satisfactory indicators of number, density, vitality of specimens that in general provides possibility of its long stable existence.  

Herbarium named after I.V. Novopokrovsky (RV): 100 years of the herbarium collection of K.M. Zalessky Demina Olga Nikolaevna1, Rogal Lyudmila Leonidovna2 1Karachaevo-Circassian State University named after U.D. Aliyeva, Russia, 369200, ul. Lenin, KChGU. E-mail: ondemina@yandex.ru 2 Southern Federal University, Russia, 344006, Rostov-on-Don, Botanical Descent, 7. SFU   Abstract:  The work reviews the herbarium collection of K.M. Zalessky, which has been stored for 100 years in herbarium named after I.V. Novopokrovsky Department of Botany of SFedU (RV). This is about 1 thousand of the most valuable rare specimens. At the beginning of the last century, he collected materials for the knowledge of the vegetation of the Lower Don region. These works, representing an inexhaustible source of botanical knowledge about the vegetation cover of the region, were systematically studied the vegetation cover of the Lower Don basin. The scientists for the first time characterized the types of Don steppes and on the basis of the herbarium, a flora outline was compiled, comprising 328 species of plants indicating their habitats and locations. Some of the places of herbarium fees given in this paper do not already exist or they were found outside the Rostov region: the habitat of Astragalus sulcatus collected by K.M. Zalessky on the meadow on May 31, 2017, in the vicinity of the village of Esaulovskaya, which belonged to the Second Don district (now the Volgograd region), is now flooded with the waters of the Tsimlyansk reservoir; habitats Asplenium septentrionale - the species was found by the scientist on June 5, 2017 in the crevices of the Royal rocks, on the territory of Ukraine (now it is a branch of the Lugansk nature reserve). Therefore, the herbarium collection from the southwestern and southern parts of the former Don Military Region serves as an invaluable historical evidence of the natural past of the Lower Don basin. Currently, the collection of K.M. Zalessky is used both for the compilation of fundamental floristic reports and for constructing various hypotheses on the dynamics of the Don flora and vegetation. These materials are the basis for studying the biological diversity of the Don region.  

Modern problems of natural and technogenic pollution of the environment (review) One of global problems of the present is pollution of the land area and water ecosystems by harmful ingredients. Scales of ecological consequences of environmental pollution steadily grow and consequences can be catastrophic. The number of natural and technogenic catastrophes has grown for the last 100 years by 20 times. Glaciers are intensively thaw in the Arctic and Antarctic . For the last 50 years temperature in the southwest of Antarctic has grown by 2,5 °C. Among natural sources of pollution the leading place is taken by volcanoes (520 acting from 1300), 250 thousand people have died from a tsunami in the Indian Ocean in 2004, because of accident on the NPP in Fukushima (Japan) in 2011 15,5 thousand people have died. Annually in the world there are more than 200 thousand fires, in Russia their quantity has grown from 2000 to 2009 from 9 to 22%. The huge contribution in environmental pollution is brought by the enterprises, motor transport, agriculture (mineral fertilizers, pesticides, etc.). In 31 countries 192 NPPs (more than 450 power units) work, 80-90% of waste of nuclear fuel production are stored locally around nuclear power plants, and then taken out on burial in the mines located in Russia in the Urals and in the USA – in 180 km from Las Vegas. The special danger is caused by nuclear weapon and nuclear waste, space debris, solid and liquid household waste. In the Baltic Sea over 300 thousand tons of the chemical warfare agents (CWA) are buried, in the Kara Sea 17 thousand containers with radioactive waste, 16 nuclear reactors, 5 atomic submarines, etc. are based. Plastic waste has polluted the rivers, the seas and oceans. From 1901 to 2007 in the world there were 1125 largest industrial accidents, more than 6 billion tons of mineral fertilizers, 8,3 billion tons of plastic are made and applied. Studying of diverse influence of anthropogenic factors on the environment is one of the most important current issues. An ultimate goal of such research – protection and improvement of the habitat of the person.  

Methodical principles for determining the bulk density of chernozem Morozov Igor V., Vareldzhan Diana E., Borovikova Yana V., Kolesnikova Nadezhda A. Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; migovad@sfedu.ru Abstract: Bulk density of soils is a fundamental physical value, wich is used in soil science to assess the relationship between solid, liquid and gaseous phases of the soil, to calculation of the total and differential porosity, stocks of substance, estimation of the degree of addition, and other agrophysical characteristic.The purpose of the research is designing of methodical principles for determining of the bulk density of chernozem. The feature of ordinary calcareous chernozem is the change in volume when moisture is varied, it was decisive when research object was choosing. Drilling and calculation methods were used to determine the soil density. Studies have shown that the dynamics of soil moisture is the reason of bulky changes in the soil, which is fixed by us in the form of parameters such as volume compaction and swelling volume. Also volume changes inevitably must be reflected in the change of the parameters of soil density. The dynamics of the bulk density when the soil moisture change is due to the phenomena of swelling and compaction exactly. At that the result of determination of soil bulk density will depend on the initial condition of soil: its moisture and, the occupied volume accordingly. The same soil can have different bulk density values - 1.2 g / cm3 and 1.8 g / cm3, respectively. These values correspond to two possible limiting status of soil as a physical body with a variable volume. We think that the available methods require a conceptual solution; when calculating the bulk density, it is proposed to take into account the dynamics of the volume of the soil, determining the interval «compaction limit of bulk density - swelling limit of bulk density».