1.5.19. Почвоведение

Methods of soil fertility preservation on eroded slopes of Rostov region Methods of soil fertility preservation on eroded slopes of Rostov region Gaevaia Е.А. Federal Rostov Agricultural Research Center, Rassvet. Е-mail: emmaksay@inbox.ru. Abstrac: Тhe Studies were carried out in a multifactorial stationary experiment in 1991-2018 years. the Experiment is located on the slope of the beam of the Big Log of Aksai district of Rostov region. The soil of the experimental site is ordinary heavy loamy Chernozem on loess-like loam, medium-eroded. In the experiment studied two crop rotation zernopererabotki (I) and sertralineprograms (II), and three levels of organic-mineral system of fertilizers («0» – natural fertility; «1» – cattle manure 5 t + N46P24K30 and «2» – cattle manure 8 t + N84P30K48 1 hectare). The aim of the study was to study the balance of humus depending on the design of crop rotations located on the eroded slopes of the Rostov region, to identify ways to preserve soil fertility at the initial level and increase it. As a result of the research, the amount of washed soil was determined. The importance of plant residues in the accumulation of humus is shown. It is established that the intensive use of agricultural land in the Rostov region without fertilizer leads to a reduction in the humus content in the soil. The role of perennial grasses in reducing soil flushing by 35.6% was studied. It is shown that the long-term use of organic fertilizers in crop rotations at a dose of 5 tons of cattle manure and N46P24K30, as well as the introduction of 20% of perennial in the crop rotation allows to maintain a positive balance of humus at the level of (+35 kg/ha) in the grain-grass crop rotation. Increasing the dose of fertilizer to 8 tons of cattle manure and N84P30K48 contributes to the accumulation of humus up to (+100 kg/ha) in the grain crop rotation. The possibility of replacing organic fertilizers with 1-2 t/ha of wheat straw using compensatory doses of nitrogen fertilizers is shown.

To the future without poliomyelitis: the state of the epidemic, vaccination issues (review) To the future without poliomyelitis: the state of the epidemic, vaccination issues (review) Belova Olga Evgen’evna  FSRI SRC VB «Vector», Koltsovo, Novosibirsk reg., Russia  Abstract: Polio is a highly contagious viral infection that affects mainly children under five years of age, which can lead to paralysis or even death. Damage to the nervous system is manifested by fever, pain in the limbs, then peripheral irreversible paralysis. In severe cases, paralysis of the respiratory muscles can occur, which causes death. The transmission mechanism is predominantly fecal-oral. The only way to combat polio remains vaccination. The vaccine provides the development of long-term humoral and local immunity. The purpose of this work is to analyze the epidemiological situation of poliomyelitis in the world 31 years after the adoption of the Global Polio Eradication Program, and to compare the characteristics of live and inactivated polio vaccines. Issues related to the use of live oral polio vaccine and the need for its phased withdrawal from circulation, the problem of vaccine-related polioviruses and vaccine-associated paralytic polio are considered. Describes ongoing research into the development of new safe and effective polio vaccines; approaches to the development of new IPV to reduce costs, increase coverage and reduce the risks of using live polioviruses in vaccine production; new technologies for the delivery and administration of IPV; clinical studies of new vaccines and vaccination schedules. The main objectives of the strategy to complete the eradication of poliomyelitis for 2019-2023 are discussed: eradication, integration, certification and containment.

The ameliorative condition of the soil spread around the Kattakurgan reservoir and its changes The ameliorative condition of the soil spread around the Kattakurgan reservoir and its changes Abdullaev S.A.1, Jabbarov Z.A.1, Tursunulova A.1, Okolelova A.A.2, Kholdorov Sh.M.3 1National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, zafarjonjabbarov@gmail.com 2Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd, Russia, allaokol@mail.ru 3Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology – TUAT, Tokyo, Japan, sh.m.xoldorov@gmail.com Abstract: Changes in the physicomechanical properties and ameliorative state of the soil were studied using the Kattakurgan reservoir as an example; the degree of fossil, the density of irrigated lands, the dynamics of the groundwater level by years, the ameliorative state and the location of salts by layers were studied. According to the results, the indicator of soils with an inadequate ameliorative state increased from 4.22% to 5.58%. It was justified that the level of groundwater salinity is mainly between 0-1 g / l and 1-3 g / l. It is scientifically substantiated that the main effect of the Kattakurgan reservoir on soils is formed by the accumulation of salts, the effect on the physicomechanical properties is relatively small.

Study of the influence of parkland of the Botanical Garden of the Southern Federal University on the parameters of the microclimate Study of the influence of parkland of the Botanical Garden of the Southern Federal University on the parameters of the microclimate A. S. Bezrukova, B. L. Kozlovskij, M. V. Kuropyatnikov Southern Federal University (SFedU), Rostov-on-Don Abstract: Rostov region refers to areas with uncomfortable conditions. Therefore, to create a comfortable environment requires special events. In cities, forest parks, parks, gardens and squares create a favorable microclimate. Analysis of the literature shows that the influence of green spaces on the microclimate of southern cities is not well studied. The aim of the work was to assess the impact of the park of the Botanical Garden of the Southern Federal University on the microclimate. As the object of the study were taken different in species composition plots of the park of the Botanical Garden of SFedU. As part of the study, measurements were made of the temperature and humidity of the air using the UNI-T UT333 device at a height of 1,3 m from the soil surface, as well as the surface temperature using the UNI-T UT320D device. The measurements were carried out on pedestrian alleys and paths. In the course of the research, it was established that the park stands effectively affect the microclimate parameters (air and surface temperature, air humidity), changing them in the direction of more comfortable. It is proved that there is a reliable difference between the values of the measured parameters at open space and in the park area with a confidence level of 99,9 %. The greatest effect of changes in air temperature and road network surfaces is observed at noon, then it decreases. The absolute difference in humidity between the park and open spaces during the day does not change. The ameliorative effect of parkland on of surrounding areas is spread weakly. The degree of change of microclimate parameters does not depend on the species composition of woody plants growing on it.  

Catalogue of the rare and extinct plant's collection of the Rostov region in the Botanical garden of the Southern Federal University Catalogue of the rare and extinct plant's collection of the Rostov region in the Botanical garden of the Southern Federal University Shmaraeva Antonina N., Shishlova Zhanna N., Kuzmenko Inna P., Firsova Anna V. Botanical garden of SFU, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; anshmaraeva@sfedu.ru Abstract: The Botanical garden of Southern Federal University (BS) for more than 90 years of its existence turned into the center of the conservation of biodiversity of plants. From the moment of its creation the methods of an introduction of plants in a steppe zone were developed in the Botanical garden, woody and grassy plant's collections were formed. The BS modern collection fund is presented by 17 thematic collections and expositions of the outdoor and in closed greenhouses. One of priority problems of BS is preservation of rare species of regional flora ex situ, that is: in the collections and expositions. To these targets serve, first of all, the collection of rare and endangered species of plants of the Rostov region. When forming a collection the new knowledge and practical material received in the course of implementation of long-term projects on maintaining the Red List of the Rostov region are used. Now the collection of rare and extinct plants of the Rostov region contains 75 species of flowering plants (or 40% of total number of the protected seed plants of the Rostov region) from 28 families and 55 genuses, including 24 species included in the Red List of the Russian Federation and 6 species included in the Annex to the Red List of the Russian Federation. The grassy perennials, xerophytes, species of steppe ecology prevail in the collection; and in the geographical relation – the species, connected with the arid centers of origin. The species with category of a rarity 3 (rare), and category of a rarity 2 (reducing in number). are presented in the collection in more or less equal degree. Six species have category of a rarity 1 (being under the threat of extinction) and four species – category of a rarity 5 (restored).  

The change of absorbed bases composition in desert soils as an indicator of their evolution  The change of absorbed bases composition in desert soils as an indicator of their evolutionYuldashev G.1, Isagaliev M.T.1, Bezuglova O.S.2 1Fergana State University, Republic of Uzbekistan 2 Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia   The research is aimed to clarify the role of the capacity of the soil absorbing complex and the composition of cations in the evolutionary transformations of the irrigated desert soils. The object of research comprised the soils of large regions of oasis agriculture of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya and Central Fergana, where irrigated meadow, floodplain alluvial and irrigated meadow, oasis soils are distributed respectively. Considering the alluvial nature of the deposits on which the studied soils are formed, they can be attributed to the reference soil group Fluvisols (Fluvisols). Absorbed bases were determined by the Pfeffer method in Kruger modification. It was established that the studied soils are characterized by certain values ??of the absorption capacity and the ratio of cations in the composition of the soil absorbing complex, depending on the duration of irrigation and a combination of soil formation factors. At the same time, the average content of each cation in the composition of the soil absorbing complex is relatively stable for the soil. In the process of evolution, which occurs under the influence of agrotechnical and agromeliorative methods of using the soil, these indicators change slowly following the change in the grain size distribution. In general, the amount of absorbed bases increases with the increase in the cultivation of irrigated hydromorphic desert soils. The chemical composition of alluvial and alluvial-proluvial pedogenesis soils also influences the characteristics of soil formation in the desert zone and the specifics of their ameliorative characteristics. According to the content of Ca ++, Mg ++, K +, Na + as part of the soil absorbing complex, the potential capabilities of the soils and the efficiency of land reclamation are determined, measures are being taken to increase the fertility of irrigated soils.

The paper aims to assess the impact of urbanization on the quantitative characteristics and species composition of microbial communities of the urban soils of Rostov-on-Don. 10 soil samples characterized by a dramatically different level of anthropogenic impact and transformation have been studied. The microbial communities of the upper horizons of weakly disturbed natural soils (Haplic chernozem) were compared to those from the urbic horizons of the Technosols in the central part of the city. It has been shown that the process of urbanization leads to a fundamental change in the microbial communities of urban soils in the steppe zone. There is a decrease in species diversity in the microbial communities. In addition, in anthropogenically transformed soils there is an increased number of copiotrophic bacteria compared to weakly disturbed soils. The number of aerobic spore-forming bacteria of the order Bacillales decreases several times. The species composition also changes, which is manifested in the disappearance of typical species from microbial complexes of anthropogenically transformed soils. The proportion of rapidly growing species of bacteria (r-strategists) is increased in the microbial communities of urban soils, indicating that the soils are under stress. The stability of the soil ecosystem is impaired and this may lead to the loss of its ecological functions. In addition, an increase in the proportion of microorganisms with antioxidant pigments was observed in anthropogenically transformed soils.

Rare species of plants and fungi in the territories of protected natural objects of the Rostov region Rare species of plants and fungi in the territories of protected natural objects of the Rostov region Fedyaeva Valentina Vasilyevna1, Shmarayeva Antonina Nikolayevna1, Hibukhina Tatyana Yuryevna2, Shishlova Zhanna of Nikolayevna1, Kuzmenko Inna Petrovna1 1 Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; vfedyaeva@gmail.com 2 Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Rostov region, Rostov-on-Don, Russia   The formation of network of the especially protected natural territories (EPNT) is one of the most effective mechanisms of preservation of the natural complexes and objects in World practice, including biological diversity of plants. 82 EPNT with a total area of 233.49 thousand hectares operate in the Rostov region now, covering 2.31 % of its territory. It is much less than average World's level (8.8 %) and an than average Russia's level (13.6 %). In the course of the researches the biological diversity of plants and fungi was defined on EPNT of status category: «protected natural objects», including the species, engaged in the Red List of the Rostov region. The protected natural objects are the unique single natural objects and unique territories, having the area less than 100.0 hectares, representing scientific, educational, cultural and esthetic value. The protected natural objects are presented in 13 of 43 administrative regions of the Rostov region. The total area of the protected natural objects which are located in different parts of the area to the date 01.03.2018 is 1.07 thousand hectares which corresponds to 0.50 % of total area of EPNT, operating in the Rostov region. In recent years it was established, that in the territories of protected natural objects of the Rostov area 98 species of plants and fungi occur, which are included in the Red List of the Rostov region (35.9 % of the total number), including 26 species engaged in the Red List of the Russian Federation – 51.0 % of the total number of the «Red List» federal objects, growing in the territory of the Rostov region.  

Thermal desorption of petroleum products and heavy metals in soils of the Volgograd–Volzhsky agglomeration Thermal desorption of petroleum products and heavy metals in soils of the Volgograd–Volzhsky agglomeration Kaplya Veronika N., Okolelova Alla A., Korchagina Mariya P. Volgograd state technical University, Volgograd, Russia; veronikazaikina@mail.ru Abstract: Thermal desorption is used to accelerate the extraction of large amounts of high–molecular hydrocarbons (including petroleum products) from the soil. It was carried out under the influence of high temperatures and pressure in the autoclave MLS – 3020 U (SANVO, Japan) at 1.5 atm (122 ° C), and warmed in a dry oven SHS–80–01 at 170 ° C for 40 minutes . Purpose: to study the features of fixing petroleum products and heavy metals in agglomeration soils, changes in their concentration in the soil under the influence of high temperatures and pressure (thermal desorption). This article presents information on the content of petroleum products and heavy metals in light chestnut and alluvial soils of the Volgograd–Volzhsky agglomeration, and for the first time – changes in their content in the soil after thermal desorption. For the first time we used similar conditions for determination of heavy metals in soils. The concentration of petroleum products after thermal desorption in the soil increases by 1.22–1.50 times. The increase in the concentration of petroleum products after thermal desorption occurs due to the fact that a significant part of them, represented by light fractions, evaporates in the first weeks after entering the soil, and heavy fractions are sorbed by the mineral part of the soil, and as a result of desorption are released. The concentration of heavy metals after thermal desorption are almost twice less than their gross forms. We assume that the mobile fractions (acid – and water–soluble) at a given temperature and pressure evaporate, and as a result of desorption elements are released from the complexes.  

Гумусное состояние черноземов Болгарии Filcheva Е.G., Ilieva R. S., Lubenova I., Hristov B., Hristova M.  Abstract. Content, composition and morphology of soil organic matter are important diagnostic indicators which provide valuable information in the study of soils and soil processes. Data for content and composition of soil organic matter from statistical profiles of subtypes of Chernozem are presented in the study.Micromorphological characteristics of studied soils are developed. Micromorphological indicators confirm the identified chemically - humus type and humic acids condensation.    

Оценка основных кинетических параметров каталазы в почве Fariz Mikayilov Department of Soil Science and Nutrition of Plants of Agricultural Faculty of "Igdyr" University, 76000, Igdir, Turkey, fariz.m@igdir.edu.tr Abstract. Numerous studies have been carried out on the kinetics of enzymatic processes in soils in which the kinetic parameters Vmax and KM are determined using the Michaelis-Menten equation. The enzyme activity values for a short period of time from the start of the reaction are usually used as the value of the reaction rate. In contrast to these studies, we used analytical methods to determine the initial rate of the enzymatic reaction. Calculations are made for determining the values of the initial velocity and kinetic parameters of catalase in the soil. The conducted studies show the dependence of the accumulation of the catalase enzymatic reaction products from the incubation time at various concentrations of substrates in the soils of Konya province. It has been shown that the amount of the reaction products grows nonlinearly, moreover it is described by the most accurate and adequate model - a polynomial of the 4th degree. Using this model, the initial velocity values for each substrate concentration were calculated. The curves of the dependence of the initial rate of the catalase reaction in the soil from the substrate concentration for the soils of the Chumra region have a monotonous form. Thus, we were able to improve the accuracy of determining the initial reaction rate and the kinetic parameters Vmax and KM of the enzymatic reaction of hydrogen peroxide decomposition by catalase in real soil conditions.  

Changes in the properties of oil-contaminated soils in the desert zone Changes in the properties of oil-contaminated soils in the desert zone Jabbarov Z.A.1, Abdrakhmanov T.1,Xaidmuxamedova Z.L., Wilkomirsky B.2 1National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, zafarjonjabbarov@gmail.com  2Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd, Russia, allaokol@mail.ru 3Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Kielce, Poland, bowi@biol.uw.edu.pl    Abstract: The studies examined the state of soil pollution by remoteness from the source of pollution and the soil profile as a result of the activity of five oil fields and one oil and gas enterprise. At the same time, pollution was noted with two types of soil pollutants around oil fields and an oil and gas enterprise. According to the obtained results, it was noted that the degree of soil pollution by sources relative to the background in the gray-brown soils spread around the Kukdmalok oil fields was 10.3 g / kg; in meadow-alluvial soils common around the North Oknazar oil fields - 6.4; in takyr-meadow soils common around UDP “Muborakneftgaz” - 2.80; in gray-brown soils spread around the Uchkyzyl oil fields - 11.2; in takyr soils common around Kakaidi-2.4 oil fields; and in desert sandy soils around the Khovdak oil fields - 82.7 g / kg.  

Metabolomic profiling of soils of chronoseries of podzols of a sand quarry Metabolomic profiling of soils of chronoseries of podzols of a sand quarry K.V. Sazanova, E.V. Abakumov, D.Yu. Vlasov FGBOU St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, University Emb. d.7-9   Abstract: Metabolic profiling of soil samples from the chrono-series of the Maluksinsky quarry was carried out: 1-2 years old, fresh sand lithostra with no signs of overgrowing and soil formation, the stage of self-overgrowing 15–20 years with emerging pine-tree and sod-podbur, the stage of self-overgrowing 30–35 years with embryo podzol, the stage of self-overgrowing 70 years with formed podzol and pine forest background soil near the quarry. Soil chronoseries are promising model objects in which the process of soil restoration can be observed in development within certain time intervals. Analysis of methanol extracts of the soil was performed using the GC-MS method. Metabolic profiling of soil samples from the chrono-series of the Maluksinsky quarry was carried out. Amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids of the Krebs cycle, polyols, sugars, sterols, diterpenes, and phenolic compounds were identified in the metabolic profile. The results showed the samples significantly differ in the content of low molecular weight organic substances. The greatest structural diversity of small molecules was found in samples from the upper horizon. Molecular diversity was achieved mainly due to the secondary plant metabolites are likely to leach out of the litter and higher plants. The profiles of the underlying horizons are more similar. In the sand dumps, the amount of organic matter was very low and the metabolic profiles of all horizons differed little. The obtained results expand the understanding of the biochemical composition of the soil, contribute to the understanding of the processes of pedogenesis and the structure of the metabolite network of soils.  

Non-ribosomally synthesized metabolites and the genetic mechanisms of their synthesis in the implementation of the fungicidal effect of Bacillus and Paenibacillus bacteria (review) Pathogenic fungi that cause damage to agricultural crops pose a serious threat to the agricultural industry. The development of biological products based on bacteria - natural antagonists of fungi is the most environmentally safe strategy to withstand it. The purpose of this review was to systematize the existing data on bacteria antagonistic to pathogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium and the mechanisms for this antagonism’s implementation. The review lists the main mechanisms, as well as a number of genes responsible for these mechanisms. These genes can be an important element in the development of a genetic screening system for strains that are effective antagonists of pathogenic fungi.

Comparative ability to adapt vines on the Lower Don Eng: Comparative ability to adapt vines on the Lower Don Maltseva A.N. Botanical Garden of the Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Abstract: Despite the blackberry widespread in the World, this crop in Russia is not paid enough attention. Industrial cultivation of blackberry is absent. During the last 15 years were published the results of a few studies. For the production of canned blackberries in sugar, Donconserv at Rostov-on-Don city use blackberries of imported raw materials (Poland or China). Therefore, the blackberries in our country can be attributed as underutilized crops. The steppe arid zone, in which the Botanical Garden of the Southern Federal University is located, characterized by a combination of heat excess with a relative lack of moisture. Since blackberry is liana, it was interesting to study several species of lianas and their ability to adapt to this climate. To the investigation were taken species: Rubus сanadensis L., Aktinidia argutaPlanch. Ex Mig. and Parthenociccus quinquefolia (L). Planch.  

Diagnosis and nomenclature floodplains soils in ecology-genetic and substantively-genetic classification and on the common State Register of soil resources of Russia When diagnosing and soil nomenclature River floodplain associated ecological-genetic classification, substantively-genetic classification and the unified State registry of soil resources of Russia. Studies were conducted on the ecosystem, located on the right bank of the plot of the floodplain of the middle reaches of the River Desna. The plot includes 12 floodplain environmental subsystems of different order. Results of the field studies allow, after receiving additional analytical data and conduct relevant discussions initiate a clarification on a number of issues of classification, diagnosis and nomenclature floodplains soils. At the present stage, it is advisable to use the Unified State Register of Soil Resources of Russia for soil surveys of floodplains.  

The balance of humus in crop rotations with short rotation on erosion-prone slopes Gaevaya Emma Аnatolievna State scientific institution Don Research Institute of Agriculture  Abstract: The purpose of this work is to study the balance of humus and its reproduction in crop rotations with different content in the structure of the acreage of pure fallow and perennial grasses on the slopes of the Rostov region. Studies were conducted in multifactor stationary experiment, located on the side of the beam Large Log in 2003-2017 years. Experiment was laid in 1986 in the system of contour-landscape organization of the territory of the slope with suppress of 3.5-4°. The soil of experimental plot – the ordinary heavy on loess-like loam. The initial content of humus in the soil at the laying of experiment was 3.80-3.83%. I was studied three crop rotations with different percentages of black allow and perennial grasses in the structure of crops rotations. The article presents data of the post-harvest residues amount and nitrogen entering the soil after different crops. The average values of root and crop residues catering in the soil for a hectare of crop rotation area are presented. The balance of humus is calculated when different doses of fertilizers are applying. The role of balk follow and perennial grasses in maintaining the deficit-free balance of humus was studied. It was shown that to achieve a deficit-free humus balance at the ordinary chernozems in crop rotations, located on erosion-prone slopes of the Rostov region, it is necessary to add organic fertilizer in a dose of 100 kg/ha considering the flushing of the soil. Expanded reproduction of soil fertility is possible if you add organic and mineral fertilizers in a dose of 162 kg/ha and crop rotation with 40 % of perennial grasses.

The influence of the groundwater level regime on the biological productivity of wood species in the forest bands of the Stone Steppe The influence of the groundwater level regime on the biological productivity of wood species in the forest bands of the Stone Steppe CheverdinYurii I.1, Akhtyamov Alexander G.2,Sautkina Marina Yu.3, 1V.V. Dokuchaev Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture of the Central-Chernozem zone, Voronezh, Russia 2Stony Steppe experimental forestry, Voronezh, Russia 3All-Russian Research Institute of Forest Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Voronezh, Russia Abstract: Studies conducted in Dokuchaevsk agroforestry complex. The soil cover is characterized by a significant diversity and the nature of moisture. In this regard, the aim of the research was to assess the formation of forest stand depending on soil moisture. The materials of the carried out taxations of forest strips during the last century were used. For all test sites, a detailed analysis of the species composition, number of trees and growth parameters of the middle tree of the first tier is given. The average volume of wood supply stem wood per 1 ha was calculated on a single table "Forest of the subsidiary books." The processes of growth and development of tree crops in old-age plantations are shown. The features of the forest biological processes occurring in the protective forest plantations created by the foresters of the special expedition of prof. The influence of the regime of groundwater level on the growth parameters of the tree stand components. The dependence of growth and development of tree species on the distance from the main underground flow has been revealed on the basis of the materials of the forest strip inventory. On the formation of stands in different conditions, soil moisture has more influence than the proportion of oak in planting schemes of mixing. Analysis of the composition of the first tier stands shows that over the past 70 years on the Central segment of the formula composition of the stand 6D, 2Яо, 1Яп, 1V+Ko. Forest inventory in 1936 (age 41) it was 6D,2Яп,1Яо,1V. Formula of woody composition has changed slightly.  

To the future without poliomyelitis: the state of the epidemic, vaccination issues (review) Belova Olga Evgenevna FBRI SRC VB «Vector», Koltsovo, Novosibirsk reg., Russia   Abstract:  Polio is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It invades the nervous system, and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours. Among those paralysed, 5% to 10% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized.The review analyzes the epidemiological situation of poliomyelitis in the world, describes the progress and risks associated with vaccine-derived polioviruses, the existing immunization tactics and the prospects for creating new safe and effective vaccines - genetically stable oral polio vaccine and available inactivated polio vaccine, innovative vaccine delivery and administration technologies, Studies conducted in this direction. The importance of detecting and terminating transmission of poliovirus, improving epidemiological surveillance and response to outbreaks, planning for efforts to ensure a poliomyelitis-free world after poliovirus elimination, including poliovirus containers, population protection, detection and response to sudden, recurrent outbreaks of poliomyelitis, is underlined.  

Comparison of Supervised Classification Techniques and Gaussian Mixture Distribution Method for Estimating Land Use Type on the Landsat 7 Satellite Data The applications of remote sensing on the land cover classification are very important for lands planning. . For this purpose multispectral satellite data uses in agricultural areas due to practically in large-scale. Many of the studies have been carried out with supervised classification based on pixel function. However, it is not possible to determine what kind of uses are in the land where the natural pattern distribution is unknown. For this reason, some statistical approaches and conditional algorithms are trying in the classification. The most common of these is Gaussian mixture distribution analysis (GMD). Mixture distribution analysis is multivariate statistical methods that deal with the separation of objects or different clusters of observations and the re-organization of pre-defined groups. This study was conducted for classification of sugar beet and wheat with grassland by using SC and GMD on the Landsat 7 ETM+ data in 1850 ha areas of Konya region and the spatial ranges were compared with the location realities. The result of calculations has shown the SC estimated sugar beet, wheat and grassland with accuracy coefficients at 0.88, 0.90, 0.83, respectively. On the other hand, GMD predicted with accuracy coefficients at 0.94 for sugar beet, 0.96 for wheat and 0.92 for grassland. As a result, GMD can be used with high accuracy in the detection of different land cover types in unknown lands. However, similar studies should be performed on different types of land cover for creation of spectral libraries, thus GMD could determine all of the land cover types.