1.5.19. Почвоведение

A literature review over the past 70 years of studies on changes in the chestnut soils and chernozems properties under the influence of irrigation is given. Emphasis is placed on the impact of rice crops under flooding, but attention is also paid to other types of irrigation. Irrigation is accompanied by significant changes in the chemical properties of soils: easily soluble salts dissolve and migrate along the profile, substitutions are observed in the soil-absorbing complex (SAC) and sodium is introduced into the SAC. Restructuring occurs in the system of humic substances, and with overwatering and rising groundwater levels, the redox regime changes up to the manifestation of gleying processes, the transformation of clay minerals causes the development of fusion. The most common changes occur in the composition of exchangeable cations, salt accumulation, and changes in the acid-base characteristics of soils. Even more profound changes are observed in the soils of rice fields. Gleying, lessivage, and leaching of carbonates, silt fraction, water-soluble humus, mobile iron and phosphorus from arable horizons, which are unusual for steppe soils, develop. The degree of transformation depends on the genetic properties of soils and the drainage state of irrigation systems. At the same time, chestnut soils turn out to be genetically more stable than chernozems, which is due to their mineralogical composition.

The article deals with the activity of ⁴⁰K, ¹³⁷Cs, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th in calcic chernozems and herbaceous plants growing it. Soils were studied within the Rostov agglomeration and in protected areas of the Rostov region. In order to calculate the removal and accumulation coefficients, weighted average soil radioactivity was calculated for 10, 30, and 100 centimeter thicknesses at the sites where plant samples were taken. The coefficient of biological accumulation of ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs in herbaceous formations formed on natural soils of the city and soils of SPNA exceeds 1, which indicates their accumulation by above-ground parts of plants. At the same time, there is an increase in IPM with the increase in the calculated thickness of the rooting layer. The biological uptake coefficients of ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th for all studied soil-plant systems are close to zero.

The article proposes to consider the state of forest belts when conducting an agroecological assessment of soils for the steppe zone. One of the methods for such an assessment is the calculation of the standard yield of grain crops in accordance with the methodology for calculating the standard yield, approved by order of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia dated September 20, 2010, No. 445. The basis for calculating the indicator is correction factors, the value of which depends on soil fertility (humus content in the arable horizon and A + B thickness), granulometric composition (physical clay content), and negative signs (salinization, alkalinity, stoniness, etc.). For the Rostov region, it is proposed to add a correction factor for the state of forest belts, since they prevent the development of erosion processes in the fields, create optimal conditions for the growth of agricultural plants and, in general, help maintain soil fertility. For fields with an absent or sparse (not fulfilling their function) network of forest belts, the yield of grain crops is reduced by 15-20%. At the same time, forest belts, the safety of which is 65% or more, extend their protective effect at 200-250 meters from themselves, and forest belts that have survived less than 65% of their original area extend their protective effect at less than 150 meters. Therefore, for the territories corresponding to the former USSR farms, where there is a decrease or increase in forest belts due to overgrowth of forest belts with shrubs (which also reduces the protective function of field-protective forest plantations due to a decrease in the height of the structure), by less than 35% (preservation of forest belts). bands – 65% or more), then a reduction factor of 0.8 is assigned. For sites where the forest belts are less than 65% preserved, a coefficient of 0.5 is assigned, since there is a significant decrease in the effectiveness of the forest belt. If there is no significant change in shelter belts in comparison with the period of the USSR, when the optimal state of forest belts was maintained, a leveling coefficient of 1 is assigned.

DOI: 10.18522/2308-9709-2023-45-2 Summary: the article presents the results of long-term lysymetric studies (for 1981–2020) on the arrival of atmospheric precipitation on the surface of the most common soils of the Republic of Belarus their migration and transformation in soil solutions, losses of power elements from the soil layer of 1.0–1.5 m into the environment with an assessment of their economic damage in the system "Atmospheric precipitation–soil–fertilizer– plant". Key words: lysimetric studies, atmospheric precipitation, infiltration, soil solutions, leaching losses, cost of nutrient losses.

Activity concentration of radionuclide ⁴⁰К in chernozems and urbostratozems of Rostov agglomeration was studied. Activity was determined on the Progress-Gamma instrument as well as by the calculation method based on the gross potassium content in soils. The process of biogenic accumulation of ⁴⁰К in the surface horizons was noted. In the soil-forming rock no reliable differences between the actual and calculated activity of ⁴⁰К were revealed, while in the A and B horizons the calculated activity is reliably higher, which indicates a more active involvement of ⁴⁰К in the biogenic cycles than its stable isotopes. The process of burial is accompanied by a weak change in the activity of ⁴⁰К in the profile, the difference between the genetic horizons is leveled, with no significant differences between the native and their buried counterparts. The granulometric composition has no direct influence on the ⁴⁰К content; probably, this indicator is primarily justified by the mineralogical composition. It can be assumed that ⁴⁰К penetrates the interstitial space of layered minerals worse than ³⁹К. In terms of the ⁴⁰К activity value, the heavy horizons of the Urbik are genetically more related to the native and buried horizons, especially to the illuvial horizons B. The average ⁴⁰К activity for URl is the lowest among all the studied natural and anthropogenic horizons, with reliable differences characteristic of all actual activity values when comparing URl with native, buried horizons and the URt horizon group.

The paper presents the results of studying the influence of various agricultural technologies - traditional (with moldboard plowing) and resource-saving (minimal and no-till) on the content and mobility of zinc in the soil when cultivating winter wheat in the southern zone of the Rostov region. The studies included agrocenoses of winter wheat, differing in the duration of the use of no-till technology (2 years, 9 and 11 years). The total zinc content was determined using X-ray fluorescence analysis. To determine the mobile compounds of the biomicroelement, an ammonium acetate buffer solution (pH 4.8) was used, followed by the use of atomic absorption spectrometry. It has been established that the content of both gross and mobile zinc in the ordinary chernozem of the studied agrocenoses of winter wheat corresponds to the regional level and does not exceed the MPC. The total content of zinc in winter wheat crops using various agricultural technologies is mainly at the level of the virgin area. Long-term use of the resource-saving No-Till technology (9 and 11 years) contributes to an increase in this biomicroelement by 15.0% compared to virgin soil and traditional technology based on moldboard plowing. In the same agrocenoses, a significant increase in the content of mobile zinc compounds was revealed to the level of the virgin area, but the degree of supply remained low. The share of mobile compounds of this biophilic element from gross forms is on average only 1.0%, which indicates its low bioavailability and the need to use mineral fertilizers containing zinc.

Sapropel from Lake Beloe (Tatarstan) is characterized by a favorable composition of organic matter. Humic acids have a predominant presence of 41.1–42.3%. The content of non-hydrolysable residue is 33.3–36%. At the same time the proportion of fulvic acids shows quite high values at 22.9–24.4%. We applied EDTA, NaOH, Na2CO3 and hot distilled water to isolate humic substances from sapropel. An analysis of their composition showed that the reagents used to obtain the extracts significantly affect the composition of humic compounds. With application of sodium hydroxide, the ratio between humus groups remained the same as in the analysis of total carbon in sapropel. A solution of sodium carbonate helps to increase the yield of humic compounds in the extract by reducing the proportion of fulvic acids. On the other hand, EDTA gives a high yield of fulvic acids, but the extraction of humic acids sharply decreases. When using hot water, the extracts are characterized by a fairly high content of humic acids, fulvic acids and, in general, organic compounds. At the same time, aqueous extracts demonstrated a neutral reaction of the medium, while all other extracts showed an alkaline reaction.

Transformation of soils in urbanized landscapes of khabarovsk under the influence of hydrological processes         Roslikova Valentina Ivanovna          Absract. The transformation of the natural environment, including the soil mantle, in the Far Eastern landscapes occurs under the influence of various types of modern geological processes, conditioned not only by the specifics of natural factors, but by a whole series of man-made ones. The last ones lead to the activation of geological processes and the loss of not only the stability of structures, but also to a shift in the state of the soil mantle. This issue has not been investigated for the soils of the Far Eastern urban landscapes. To reveal the morphodiagnostic transformation of soils in urban areas, it is necessary to disclose the patterns of their transformation under the influence of dominant processes. These are technogenic hydrogeological processes that cause flooding and underflooding. The study is based on a new all-Russian classification of soils.       The objects of the study were two catenas located in different engineering and geological regions of a large industrial center in Khabarovsk with various types of technogenic hydrogeological processes. Diagnostic signs of transformed soils and new predpochvennye formations have been determined by means of the elementary landscapes of various sections of the catena, and the mechanisms of these transformations have been revealed. In the zone of technogenic flooding the relationship between the diagnostic features of transformed soils and the new environmental conditions is analyzed. Against the backdrop of landslide processes in the zone of technogenic flooding the nature of the soils transformation is considered. They were investigated in two blocks: man-made and mineral. The structure and mechanisms of creep in these blocks are different, which is clearly documented in the nature of the sliding material and the gradualness of the soil mantle transformation. The allocation of a new predpochvennye formation - fractal-stratified - is justified.

Compost was studied, consisting of leaf litter and vegetable food waste, with the addition of ordinary carbonate chernozem. Leaf litter and soil were sampled on the territory of the Botanical Garden of the SFU in Rostov-on-Don. The scheme of the experiment included three options: control and two options with the addition of the humic preparation BIO-Don10 to the water at concentrations of 0.008% and 0.016%. It has been established that there is no contamination of the compost with heavy metals. The excess of the background values ​​of the content in the soil of such biogenic elements as manganese and zinc, on the contrary, indicates the value of compost as a source of these microelements important in the life of plants and microorganisms. As the compost matures, a noticeable decrease in the concentration of nutrients - calcium and phosphorus - is observed. Contributes to the reduction of these elements and the addition of humic preparation BIO-Don10 to irrigation water at a dose of 0.008%. Indirectly, this indicates an increase in the biological activity of the compost when a humic preparation is added at such a concentration; therefore, this concentration of humate is optimal.

The results of inventory of data on the particle-size distribution composition of ordinary calcareous chernozem of the North Azov soil area accumulated in the regional soil data center are presented. A characteristic feature of the studied soils is the predominance of two fractions, the content of which is: coarse silt – 28.4 ± 5.6% and clay– 35.5 ± 6.8%. The average content of physical clay (the sum of soil particles <0.01mm) in ordinary carbonate chernozems in the whole region (64.3±6.6 %) and for the main soil varieties is calculated: for heavy loams – 56.4± 5.9%, and for light clays – 66.0± 3.9%. The contribution of particles of medium silt, fine silt and clay to the physical clay (<0.01mm) was also analyzed. Descriptive statistical characteristics for the content of silt and physical clay are presented.

The article presents the results of studies of the influence of soil cultivation methods – dump processing and chisel processing – on snow retention, erosion processes, soil water permeability under sunflower crops, its productivity, an ecological and economic assessment of growing sunflower on the slope lands of ordinary chernozems is given. permeability, economy.   

The work is devoted to the study of some indicators of the buffer capacity of ordinary calcareous chernozems of the Rostov region. Buffer capacity is an important element of soil fertility stability. It should be taken into account in chemical reclamation, as well as in the environmental assessment of soils. The purpose of the work is to determine the buffer capacity and some of its indicators in ordinary calcareous chernozems of the Rostov region It is established that ordinary calcareous chernozems have high resistance to the acidification, which is due to their physical and chemical properties and soil formation factors. During acidification, the greatest buffering area and the greatest stability is established for the Chernozem of the agrobiostation (ABS) of the Southern Federal University "Nedvigovka". It is explained by the higher content of humus and carbonates. Chernozems of the Botanical garden of the Southern Federal University are more resistant to alkalinization in comparison with chernozems of the ABS, which are lighter in texture. When alkalizing all soils are characterized by the same type of chemical reactions that neutralize the alkali added to the soil. Recorded values of 9.0

The features of the metabolic processes of transformation of the organic and mineral components of the soil are determined mainly by the complex of soil enzymes, the abundance and qualitative composition of the microbiocenosis. The activity of soil enzymes is an additional diagnostic indicator of soil fertility and its changes under anthropogenic impact. Studies of the activity of soil enzymes in various zones of the city of Sumgait - a large industrial center in which the petrochemical and oil refining industries are concentrated. The results of field studies showed that the activity of soil enzymes was not the same in different zones of the city of Sumgait. Significant differences in the catalase activity of soils of roadside and industrial zones and soils under parks have been established. With technogenic pollution, the functional activity of soil microorganisms is significantly reduced. In comparative terms, the activity of all soil enzymes is most suppressed in industrial zones, and to the least extent in park zones. The analysis shows that the technologically polluted soils of the industrial city of Sumgayit are characterized by weak stability of soil enzymes. These indicators reflect the specificity of pollutants, the degree of contamination, the nature and intensity of biological processes in soil affected by industrial impacts - industrial and transport emissions. The research results can be part of the database for an objective assessment of the soil cover of urban landscapes in Sumgait, to prevent the deterioration of their environmental functions, for the development of the scientific basis for the use of microorganisms in technologies for cleaning and increasing the fertility of urban soils.  

The aim of the study is a comparative analysis of the results of determining the particle-size distribution of soils obtained by various methods: the field wet method, the pipette method, and also regulated by international (ISO 11277: 2009) and interstate (GOST 12536-2014) standards. Investigations of the particle-size distribution for ordinary calcareous chernozems have shown that the causes of inconsistencies in the analyzes results of the same soil samples using the pipette-method and the areometric method according to GOST 12536–2014 and ISO 1127762009 are exclusively associated with different approaches to preparing soil samples for laboratory tests. First of all, the analyses data are depended on the ratio of the soil sample mass and the dispersant volume.  

The article is devoted to Pavel Alexandrovich Sadimenko, whose 100th anniversary was celebrated in July this year. A prominent soil scientist whose scientific interests were concentrated in the field of land reclamation and soil physics, Professor P. A. Sadimenko also paid great attention to the study of the trace element composition of soils.

The yield of soybean varieties Kazachka erosion-dangerous slope depending on the method of basic soil treatment and mineral fertilizers Rychkova M. I. Mishchenko A.V. Federal Rostov agricultural research center, Rassvet village, Russia, E-mail: rychkova-1980@list.ru Annotation: The results of three-year field studies on the influence of methods of basic tillage and mineral fertilizers on the yield of soybean varieties Kazachka, obtained in the conditions of erosion-dangerous slope of ordinary carbonate chernozems (according  WRB, 2014, – Haplic Chernozem) of the Rostov region. Studies have found that in the conditions of erosion-dangerous slope an effective way of basic soil treatment in the cultivation of soybean varieties Kazachka is chisel and the introduction of an increased level of mineral fertilizers norm N84P30K48 (162 kg d. V. per 1 ha of crop area). At the same time, the highest indicators of productive moisture reserves in the soil and yield increase are formed-0.38 t/ha. Chiseling contributed to an increase in the payback of 1 kg of fertilizers by an increase in yield by 0.13-0.35 kg/kg in comparison with plowing.

Architectonics of the kidneys in connection with frost resistance Kidneys, like seeds, are of great importance in preserving plant life, especially in adverse environmental conditions. The structure of the kidneys consists of tissues and parts with varying degrees of thermal conductivity. A method for assessing the resistance of kidney to frost is proposed, depending on the internal structure of structures and location in space.

Entry of Zn and Cd from soil into herbaceous plants of the Asteraceae and Poaceae families Abstract: Environmental heavy metals pollution is one of the most pressing problems of nowaday ecology. Heavy metals are not subject to biodegradation and tend to move along the food chain, thereby threatening the animals and humans health. The aim of the work was to study Cd and Zn accumulation in different wild-growing herbaceous plants species of the Asteraceae and Poaceae families under long-term technogenic pollution. Ecological monitoring of the impact zone of the city of Novocherkassk, subjected to many years of technogenic pollution, was carried out. In plants growing in a 5 km zone around Novocherkasskaya power station, contamination with the studied elements was revealed. The soils of monitoring sites located in the prevailing north-west direction of winds are subject to the greatest pollution. The dependence of the content of Zn and Cd in the herbaceous plants of the Asteraceae and Poaceae families on the distance to the source of the technogenic load was established. The selectivity of metal accumulation by the studied species of herbaceous plants at various levels of technogenic pollution was revealed. Plants of the Asteraceae family accumulate the studied elements mainly in the aboveground part, Poaceae are characterized by a greater accumulation of metals in the root system. The least resistant to the input of pollutants from the soil is the Achillea nobilis. Poa pratensis has the highest resistance to Zn and Cd pollution by the combination of assessment indicators. Cd has a higher mobility in soils than Zn, which leads to a higher level of plant pollution with this element. The particle size distribution of the soil also has a significant effect on the availability of metals to plants.

The theoretical basis for the use of humic preparations on irrigated light serozems The considered materials testify that the development of the questions of the biochemistry of humus and humus substances, the use of biohumus in agriculture of irrigated light serozems lags behind the general state of this section of soil science. Studies of humus in soils and biohumus will provide additional opportunities for theoretical and practical developments that allow you to solve the addition and the necessary issues of agricultural practice in the region.

Immunological phenomenon of physical antigen-specific interaction of mononuclear cells with granulocytes in vitro Evstropov Vladimir M. Don state technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Abstract:  Currently, only some aspects of the physical contact antigen-specific interaction of lymphocytes with granulocytes have been described (5), but meanwhile it is known that not only various subpopulations of lymphocytes, but also macrophages play a leading role in the formation of specific (adaptive) immunity. In recent years, neutrophils have also become regarded as cells involved in the recognition of a pathogen; therefore, the physical interaction of these cells, which are excorded from the immune system, in the presence of a causally significant antigen in vitro is of undoubted interest. According to some researchers, to study a specific cellular immune response as a criterion for assessing the effectiveness of immunization, it is advisable to use laboratory methods in vitro using specific antigens [7]. The aim of this work was to study the feasibility of assessing the indication of specific immunity in vitro by characterizing the physical antigen-specific interaction of mononuclear cells with granulocytes isolated from rat blood immunized with staphylococcal disintegrant in the presence of incomplete Freund's adjuvant. In this case, the quantitative level of rosettingformation mononuclear cells interacting with three or more granulocytes in vitro in the presence of this antigen was evaluated. The results of the study showed an increase in the quantitative level of rosetting mononuclear cells, compared with the same indicator of non-immune rats of the control group. The paper considers the possible participation in the implementation of this immunological phenomenon of subpopulations of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes (naive T cells, CD45RA-positive effector cells, antigen-reactive T cells), as well as NK cells, monocytes and neutrophils. It is assumed that this method can be used to detect an immune response, however, the molecular mechanism of this immunological phenomenon and its immunological classification (attribution to the cellular or cell-mediated type of reaction involving cell-fixed antibodies) needs further study.