1.5.19. Почвоведение

The research was carried out in 2019-2022 in a long-term field experiment on the erosion-prone slope of the southeastern exposure with a steepness of up to 3.5-4° of the Bolshoy Log gulch in the Aksai district of the Rostov region. The agrophysical and agrochemical properties of ordinary chernozem in pure steam and under winter wheat sown according to various precursors were studied. The aim of the work was to identify the most significant parameters of soil fertility for winter wheat cultivation. Based on the analysis of the main components of the distribution of agrophysical and agrochemical indicators of common chernozems, four main components (GC) were identified, which described 83.1% of the total dispersion. The first main component characterizes the inverse dependence of agrophysical parameters (mesoaggregates, coarse and dusty fractions) on soil moisture. The second main component reflects the relationship between the agrophysical and agrochemical properties of the soil (water runoff, the number of water-resistant aggregates and the content of macronutrients, humus). The third main component reveals the relationship between the ridge, the water supply in the snow, water permeability and soil flushing. The fourth main component revealed a relationship between soil density and mesoaggregates. The proposed approach can be applied to identify the most significant parameters of soil fertility that are optimal for winter wheat cultivation.

The article presents the results of a study of the effect of the BIO-Don humic preparation on cytomorphometric parameters of common barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under stress caused by phosphorus deficiency. The purpose of the work is to study the effect of BIO—Don on the structure of the root system and the leaf plate of barley. A hydroponic experiment was conducted with four treatments: 1) Control-1 (Pryanishnikov’s nutrient mixture), 2) Control-1 + BIO-Don (5 ml/l), 3) Control-2 ((Pryanishnikov’s nutrient mixture replaced by tricalcium phosphate), and 4) Control-2 + BIO-Don. Cellular structures of the root system and leaf blades of barley were examined. The results of microscopic root analysis demonstrated that the application of BIO-Don under phosphorus deficiency conditions led to a 6.7-fold increase in root cross-sectional area compared to untreated control. In leaf blades, the preparation mitigated the negative effects of phosphorus deficiency by reducing leaf thickness by 32.9% while increasing chlorenchyma cell density by 94.7%. The obtained data confirm that humic substances enhance plant phosphorus nutrition by facilitating the conversion of phosphorus into more plant-available forms, thereby stimulating root system development and optimizing the structure of photosynthetic tissues.

The study of replantozems in the Rostov agglomeration, including their morphological properties, carbon content, dynamics of carbon emissions, and physical characteristics, showed that the thickness of these soils varies from 10 to 34 cm, and under the layer of replantant there are often buried humus layers inherited from native chernozems. Anthropogenic inclusions are rare, but roots and stones can be found. The average organic carbon content (C org.) in the studied soils is 2.52 ± 0.51 %, which is lower than in chernozems of fallow areas (3.25 ± 0.94 %). The highest C org. content was recorded in the soil of Osenny Park (2.99 ± 0.31 %), and the lowest in Lokomotiv Square (1.83 ± 0.42 %). Carbon emissions increase from April to July, then decrease in August-September. The highest emission intensity was recorded at the Golf & Country Club "Don" site, due to regular maintenance and watering. The total porosity of the RAT horizons ranges from 33 to 48 %, which is close to that of natural chernozems (44 %). The granulometric composition of the RAT horizons is predominantly heavy loamy and similar to that in natural ordinary calcareous chernozems, with fractions of 0.25-0.05 and <0.001 mm predominating; however, light-textured replantozems also occur rarely. The compaction density in replanted soils is often high already below the replanted layer, which may negatively affect plant growth and erosion rocesses.

As a result of laboratory and field studies, it was found that with the joint introduction of straw, cellulolytic micromycetes and diazotrophs in the soil, the microbial community is reformed, the groups involved in the processes of active decomposition of the straw substrate and in the accumulation of nutrients for plants receive the greatest activity. The use of effective strains of Humicola fuscoatra in conjunction with Azotobacter chroococcum is able to replace 40 kg of the active substance of nitrogen fertilizers and increase the rate of decomposition of grain straw on leached chernozem under conditions of grain crop rotation. The most effective strain of diazotropha was identified, which, when plowed into straw soil together with a cellulolytic micromycete, contributes to an increase in sugar beet yield by 12.5% relative to the control.

The primary results of the joint Russian-Kyrgyz cooperation in the field of the implementation of the information system "Soil and geographical database of Kyrgyzstan" in the Kyrgyz Republic, where a national database on soil resources (Data Center) will be created, are considered. The data center is designed to communicate between primary digital resources of natural and soil information, data from soil maps stored in the funds of various organizations, regional centers of the soil and agrochemical service, and regional departments accumulating digital information necessary for making management decisions and ensuring food and environmental security of the country. The main stages of the formation of the primary set of cartographic material are determined: inventory, standardization of references and indicators’ lists, formation of a strategy for selective digitization and vectorization of legacy large-scale soil maps and reports, and obtaining a representative set of digital materials for the main soil-climatic and geomorphological regions of the republic. To structure the legends of soil maps and form classifier lists, the vectorization of the medium-scale soil map of the Kyrgyz SSR, compiled on a scale of 1:600,000 edited by A.M. Mamytov in 1959, was carried out, on the basis of which the reduction (correlation) of the soil reference list to the classification of soils of the USSR 1977 is considered. The features of georeferencing of soil maps in conditions of complex mountainous terrain using satellite digital terrain models are described. The implementation of the prototype of the agricultural and soil data center of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan is described as one of the nodes of the distributed network of soil data centers of the soil geographical database (SGDB RF), having a client-server architecture with three tiers (database server, Internet server, web applications and GIS applications), examples and illustrations of how applications work.

A literature review over the past 70 years of studies on changes in the chestnut soils and chernozems properties under the influence of irrigation is given. Emphasis is placed on the impact of rice crops under flooding, but attention is also paid to other types of irrigation. Irrigation is accompanied by significant changes in the chemical properties of soils: easily soluble salts dissolve and migrate along the profile, substitutions are observed in the soil-absorbing complex (SAC) and sodium is introduced into the SAC. Restructuring occurs in the system of humic substances, and with overwatering and rising groundwater levels, the redox regime changes up to the manifestation of gleying processes, the transformation of clay minerals causes the development of fusion. The most common changes occur in the composition of exchangeable cations, salt accumulation, and changes in the acid-base characteristics of soils. Even more profound changes are observed in the soils of rice fields. Gleying, lessivage, and leaching of carbonates, silt fraction, water-soluble humus, mobile iron and phosphorus from arable horizons, which are unusual for steppe soils, develop. The degree of transformation depends on the genetic properties of soils and the drainage state of irrigation systems. At the same time, chestnut soils turn out to be genetically more stable than chernozems, which is due to their mineralogical composition.

The article deals with the activity of ⁴⁰K, ¹³⁷Cs, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th in calcic chernozems and herbaceous plants growing it. Soils were studied within the Rostov agglomeration and in protected areas of the Rostov region. In order to calculate the removal and accumulation coefficients, weighted average soil radioactivity was calculated for 10, 30, and 100 centimeter thicknesses at the sites where plant samples were taken. The coefficient of biological accumulation of ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs in herbaceous formations formed on natural soils of the city and soils of SPNA exceeds 1, which indicates their accumulation by above-ground parts of plants. At the same time, there is an increase in IPM with the increase in the calculated thickness of the rooting layer. The biological uptake coefficients of ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th for all studied soil-plant systems are close to zero.

The article proposes to consider the state of forest belts when conducting an agroecological assessment of soils for the steppe zone. One of the methods for such an assessment is the calculation of the standard yield of grain crops in accordance with the methodology for calculating the standard yield, approved by order of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia dated September 20, 2010, No. 445. The basis for calculating the indicator is correction factors, the value of which depends on soil fertility (humus content in the arable horizon and A + B thickness), granulometric composition (physical clay content), and negative signs (salinization, alkalinity, stoniness, etc.). For the Rostov region, it is proposed to add a correction factor for the state of forest belts, since they prevent the development of erosion processes in the fields, create optimal conditions for the growth of agricultural plants and, in general, help maintain soil fertility. For fields with an absent or sparse (not fulfilling their function) network of forest belts, the yield of grain crops is reduced by 15-20%. At the same time, forest belts, the safety of which is 65% or more, extend their protective effect at 200-250 meters from themselves, and forest belts that have survived less than 65% of their original area extend their protective effect at less than 150 meters. Therefore, for the territories corresponding to the former USSR farms, where there is a decrease or increase in forest belts due to overgrowth of forest belts with shrubs (which also reduces the protective function of field-protective forest plantations due to a decrease in the height of the structure), by less than 35% (preservation of forest belts). bands – 65% or more), then a reduction factor of 0.8 is assigned. For sites where the forest belts are less than 65% preserved, a coefficient of 0.5 is assigned, since there is a significant decrease in the effectiveness of the forest belt. If there is no significant change in shelter belts in comparison with the period of the USSR, when the optimal state of forest belts was maintained, a leveling coefficient of 1 is assigned.

DOI: 10.18522/2308-9709-2023-45-2 Summary: the article presents the results of long-term lysymetric studies (for 1981–2020) on the arrival of atmospheric precipitation on the surface of the most common soils of the Republic of Belarus their migration and transformation in soil solutions, losses of power elements from the soil layer of 1.0–1.5 m into the environment with an assessment of their economic damage in the system "Atmospheric precipitation–soil–fertilizer– plant". Key words: lysimetric studies, atmospheric precipitation, infiltration, soil solutions, leaching losses, cost of nutrient losses.

Activity concentration of radionuclide ⁴⁰К in chernozems and urbostratozems of Rostov agglomeration was studied. Activity was determined on the Progress-Gamma instrument as well as by the calculation method based on the gross potassium content in soils. The process of biogenic accumulation of ⁴⁰К in the surface horizons was noted. In the soil-forming rock no reliable differences between the actual and calculated activity of ⁴⁰К were revealed, while in the A and B horizons the calculated activity is reliably higher, which indicates a more active involvement of ⁴⁰К in the biogenic cycles than its stable isotopes. The process of burial is accompanied by a weak change in the activity of ⁴⁰К in the profile, the difference between the genetic horizons is leveled, with no significant differences between the native and their buried counterparts. The granulometric composition has no direct influence on the ⁴⁰К content; probably, this indicator is primarily justified by the mineralogical composition. It can be assumed that ⁴⁰К penetrates the interstitial space of layered minerals worse than ³⁹К. In terms of the ⁴⁰К activity value, the heavy horizons of the Urbik are genetically more related to the native and buried horizons, especially to the illuvial horizons B. The average ⁴⁰К activity for URl is the lowest among all the studied natural and anthropogenic horizons, with reliable differences characteristic of all actual activity values when comparing URl with native, buried horizons and the URt horizon group.

The paper presents the results of studying the influence of various agricultural technologies - traditional (with moldboard plowing) and resource-saving (minimal and no-till) on the content and mobility of zinc in the soil when cultivating winter wheat in the southern zone of the Rostov region. The studies included agrocenoses of winter wheat, differing in the duration of the use of no-till technology (2 years, 9 and 11 years). The total zinc content was determined using X-ray fluorescence analysis. To determine the mobile compounds of the biomicroelement, an ammonium acetate buffer solution (pH 4.8) was used, followed by the use of atomic absorption spectrometry. It has been established that the content of both gross and mobile zinc in the ordinary chernozem of the studied agrocenoses of winter wheat corresponds to the regional level and does not exceed the MPC. The total content of zinc in winter wheat crops using various agricultural technologies is mainly at the level of the virgin area. Long-term use of the resource-saving No-Till technology (9 and 11 years) contributes to an increase in this biomicroelement by 15.0% compared to virgin soil and traditional technology based on moldboard plowing. In the same agrocenoses, a significant increase in the content of mobile zinc compounds was revealed to the level of the virgin area, but the degree of supply remained low. The share of mobile compounds of this biophilic element from gross forms is on average only 1.0%, which indicates its low bioavailability and the need to use mineral fertilizers containing zinc.

Sapropel from Lake Beloe (Tatarstan) is characterized by a favorable composition of organic matter. Humic acids have a predominant presence of 41.1–42.3%. The content of non-hydrolysable residue is 33.3–36%. At the same time the proportion of fulvic acids shows quite high values at 22.9–24.4%. We applied EDTA, NaOH, Na2CO3 and hot distilled water to isolate humic substances from sapropel. An analysis of their composition showed that the reagents used to obtain the extracts significantly affect the composition of humic compounds. With application of sodium hydroxide, the ratio between humus groups remained the same as in the analysis of total carbon in sapropel. A solution of sodium carbonate helps to increase the yield of humic compounds in the extract by reducing the proportion of fulvic acids. On the other hand, EDTA gives a high yield of fulvic acids, but the extraction of humic acids sharply decreases. When using hot water, the extracts are characterized by a fairly high content of humic acids, fulvic acids and, in general, organic compounds. At the same time, aqueous extracts demonstrated a neutral reaction of the medium, while all other extracts showed an alkaline reaction.

Transformation of soils in urbanized landscapes of khabarovsk under the influence of hydrological processes         Roslikova Valentina Ivanovna          Absract. The transformation of the natural environment, including the soil mantle, in the Far Eastern landscapes occurs under the influence of various types of modern geological processes, conditioned not only by the specifics of natural factors, but by a whole series of man-made ones. The last ones lead to the activation of geological processes and the loss of not only the stability of structures, but also to a shift in the state of the soil mantle. This issue has not been investigated for the soils of the Far Eastern urban landscapes. To reveal the morphodiagnostic transformation of soils in urban areas, it is necessary to disclose the patterns of their transformation under the influence of dominant processes. These are technogenic hydrogeological processes that cause flooding and underflooding. The study is based on a new all-Russian classification of soils.       The objects of the study were two catenas located in different engineering and geological regions of a large industrial center in Khabarovsk with various types of technogenic hydrogeological processes. Diagnostic signs of transformed soils and new predpochvennye formations have been determined by means of the elementary landscapes of various sections of the catena, and the mechanisms of these transformations have been revealed. In the zone of technogenic flooding the relationship between the diagnostic features of transformed soils and the new environmental conditions is analyzed. Against the backdrop of landslide processes in the zone of technogenic flooding the nature of the soils transformation is considered. They were investigated in two blocks: man-made and mineral. The structure and mechanisms of creep in these blocks are different, which is clearly documented in the nature of the sliding material and the gradualness of the soil mantle transformation. The allocation of a new predpochvennye formation - fractal-stratified - is justified.

Compost was studied, consisting of leaf litter and vegetable food waste, with the addition of ordinary carbonate chernozem. Leaf litter and soil were sampled on the territory of the Botanical Garden of the SFU in Rostov-on-Don. The scheme of the experiment included three options: control and two options with the addition of the humic preparation BIO-Don10 to the water at concentrations of 0.008% and 0.016%. It has been established that there is no contamination of the compost with heavy metals. The excess of the background values ​​of the content in the soil of such biogenic elements as manganese and zinc, on the contrary, indicates the value of compost as a source of these microelements important in the life of plants and microorganisms. As the compost matures, a noticeable decrease in the concentration of nutrients - calcium and phosphorus - is observed. Contributes to the reduction of these elements and the addition of humic preparation BIO-Don10 to irrigation water at a dose of 0.008%. Indirectly, this indicates an increase in the biological activity of the compost when a humic preparation is added at such a concentration; therefore, this concentration of humate is optimal.

The results of inventory of data on the particle-size distribution composition of ordinary calcareous chernozem of the North Azov soil area accumulated in the regional soil data center are presented. A characteristic feature of the studied soils is the predominance of two fractions, the content of which is: coarse silt – 28.4 ± 5.6% and clay– 35.5 ± 6.8%. The average content of physical clay (the sum of soil particles <0.01mm) in ordinary carbonate chernozems in the whole region (64.3±6.6 %) and for the main soil varieties is calculated: for heavy loams – 56.4± 5.9%, and for light clays – 66.0± 3.9%. The contribution of particles of medium silt, fine silt and clay to the physical clay (<0.01mm) was also analyzed. Descriptive statistical characteristics for the content of silt and physical clay are presented.

The article presents the results of studies of the influence of soil cultivation methods – dump processing and chisel processing – on snow retention, erosion processes, soil water permeability under sunflower crops, its productivity, an ecological and economic assessment of growing sunflower on the slope lands of ordinary chernozems is given. permeability, economy.   

The work is devoted to the study of some indicators of the buffer capacity of ordinary calcareous chernozems of the Rostov region. Buffer capacity is an important element of soil fertility stability. It should be taken into account in chemical reclamation, as well as in the environmental assessment of soils. The purpose of the work is to determine the buffer capacity and some of its indicators in ordinary calcareous chernozems of the Rostov region It is established that ordinary calcareous chernozems have high resistance to the acidification, which is due to their physical and chemical properties and soil formation factors. During acidification, the greatest buffering area and the greatest stability is established for the Chernozem of the agrobiostation (ABS) of the Southern Federal University "Nedvigovka". It is explained by the higher content of humus and carbonates. Chernozems of the Botanical garden of the Southern Federal University are more resistant to alkalinization in comparison with chernozems of the ABS, which are lighter in texture. When alkalizing all soils are characterized by the same type of chemical reactions that neutralize the alkali added to the soil. Recorded values of 9.0

The features of the metabolic processes of transformation of the organic and mineral components of the soil are determined mainly by the complex of soil enzymes, the abundance and qualitative composition of the microbiocenosis. The activity of soil enzymes is an additional diagnostic indicator of soil fertility and its changes under anthropogenic impact. Studies of the activity of soil enzymes in various zones of the city of Sumgait - a large industrial center in which the petrochemical and oil refining industries are concentrated. The results of field studies showed that the activity of soil enzymes was not the same in different zones of the city of Sumgait. Significant differences in the catalase activity of soils of roadside and industrial zones and soils under parks have been established. With technogenic pollution, the functional activity of soil microorganisms is significantly reduced. In comparative terms, the activity of all soil enzymes is most suppressed in industrial zones, and to the least extent in park zones. The analysis shows that the technologically polluted soils of the industrial city of Sumgayit are characterized by weak stability of soil enzymes. These indicators reflect the specificity of pollutants, the degree of contamination, the nature and intensity of biological processes in soil affected by industrial impacts - industrial and transport emissions. The research results can be part of the database for an objective assessment of the soil cover of urban landscapes in Sumgait, to prevent the deterioration of their environmental functions, for the development of the scientific basis for the use of microorganisms in technologies for cleaning and increasing the fertility of urban soils.  

The aim of the study is a comparative analysis of the results of determining the particle-size distribution of soils obtained by various methods: the field wet method, the pipette method, and also regulated by international (ISO 11277: 2009) and interstate (GOST 12536-2014) standards. Investigations of the particle-size distribution for ordinary calcareous chernozems have shown that the causes of inconsistencies in the analyzes results of the same soil samples using the pipette-method and the areometric method according to GOST 12536–2014 and ISO 1127762009 are exclusively associated with different approaches to preparing soil samples for laboratory tests. First of all, the analyses data are depended on the ratio of the soil sample mass and the dispersant volume.  

The article is devoted to Pavel Alexandrovich Sadimenko, whose 100th anniversary was celebrated in July this year. A prominent soil scientist whose scientific interests were concentrated in the field of land reclamation and soil physics, Professor P. A. Sadimenko also paid great attention to the study of the trace element composition of soils.