1.5.7. Генетика

Humanity has always been interested in its origin, as well as in the diversity of the animal and plant world. Since the 20th century, scientists, in search of markers that distinguish different nationalities from each other, have looked for patterns in the frequency of occurrence of blood groups in the population. The development of molecular genetic methods has made it possible to diversify the objects of research in this area, for example, DNA from archaeological and museum samples and the analysis of individual short sequences. The science that appeared at the junction of archaeology and modern genetics was called paleogenetics. By developing new, more sensitive molecular genetic methods described in this article, it has become possible to minimize the loss of an already limited amount of genetic material in fossil species. In turn, paleogenetics is able to solve a number of tasks: determining the genetic and population characteristics of the studied community, establishing the sexual structure and possible kinship relationships of the population, identifying migration and settlement routes of peoples, reconstructing the origin of species and relationships between them, detecting epigenetic changes in ancient DNA, establishing the external characteristics of ancient people, and this is only part of the possibilities. World experience shows an increasing interest in this scientific field, which has changed our understanding of human prehistory. This paper presents a historical outline of the research using biochemical and genetic methods and the scientists who laid the foundation for the young but rapidly developing science of paleogenetics.

This meta-analysis was aimed to evaluate the association between the rs920778 lncRNA HOTAIR polymorphism and the risk of developing breast cancer based on an analysis of data from four case-control studies. Published case-control studies were searched in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The association was assessed by statistical odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RevMan software (Cochrane Collaboration, 5.3. Copenhagen) was used for the meta-analysis. To assess the association between rs920778 polymorphism and the risk of developing breast cancer, four publications (four studies) with a sample of 1347 patients with breast cancer and 1366 apparently healthy individuals in the control group were included in the meta-analysis. As a result of the study, we did not find an association between rs920778 and the risk of developing breast cancer. Results obtained from data analysis in all genetic models: homozygous (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 0.72 – 4.36, Pz = 0.21, Pi2 = 0.0001), heterozygous (OR = 1, 15, 95% CI: 0.68 – 1.96, Pz = 0.60, Pi2 = 0.00001), dominant (OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.65 – 1.53, Pz = 0 .99, Pi2 = 0.0001), recessive (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 0.74 – 3.52, Pz = 0.23, Pi2 = 0.0002), allelic (OR = 1.24 ,95% CI: 0.80 – 1.92, Pz = 0.33, Pi2 = 0.00001). The present meta-analysis showed that the rs920778 HOTAIR polymorphism is not associated with the risk of breast cancer in an Asian population. Additional research will be needed to confirm.

Single nucleotide substitutions in the genes of immune system factors can change the expression or activity of encoded protein molecules and, thus, affect the course of the infectious process. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible association of the -308G>A (rs1800629) polymorphism of the TNFa gene, the -1237T>C (rs5743836) polymorphism of the TLR9 gene with the risk of high viral load formation in HPV infection. The material for the study was DNA samples isolated from the epithelial cells of women infected with the human papillomavirus (with a clinically significant viral load) and HPV-negative women. No relationship was found between a clinically significant concentration of human papillomavirus and the presence of -308G>A polymorphism in the TNFa gene and -1237T>C in the TLR9 gene. The frequency of the analyzed SNPs among HPV-infected and uninfected women is almost the same.

The articles characterizing schizophrenia as a polygenic disease with a potential contribution of polymorphic variants of the genes of various inflammatory molecules are considered. The main hypotheses considering the reciprocal influence of the immune and nervous systems of the human body are listed. The key tasks in studying the contribution of the immune system to the development of schizophrenia are: determining the source of neuroinflammatory changes (whether they come from the brain, the periphery, or a cumulative process), predicting changes in the brain that may anticipate changes in the inflammatory status, and also searching for molecular mechanisms of these specific changes, determining the duration of inflammation and the nature of changes in inflammatory status during the course of the disease. The most studied genes are sequences encoding molecules of cytokines, complement system factors, as well as some multifunctional molecules with specific immune functions. The association of gene polymorphisms with the risk of developing schizophrenia varies at the population level. The molecular mechanisms of the effect of interleukin molecules on the development of the brain, as well as some processes of the interaction of peripheral immunity with similar mechanisms in the central nervous system, are characterized. A study of the literature has shown that genetically determined changes in the immune system not only lead to abnormal brain development, but also interact with various environmental factors associated with schizophrenia. Further prospects for studying this scientific problem are proposed.  

Transformation of soils in urbanized landscapes of khabarovsk under the influence of hydrological processes         Roslikova Valentina Ivanovna          Absract. The transformation of the natural environment, including the soil mantle, in the Far Eastern landscapes occurs under the influence of various types of modern geological processes, conditioned not only by the specifics of natural factors, but by a whole series of man-made ones. The last ones lead to the activation of geological processes and the loss of not only the stability of structures, but also to a shift in the state of the soil mantle. This issue has not been investigated for the soils of the Far Eastern urban landscapes. To reveal the morphodiagnostic transformation of soils in urban areas, it is necessary to disclose the patterns of their transformation under the influence of dominant processes. These are technogenic hydrogeological processes that cause flooding and underflooding. The study is based on a new all-Russian classification of soils.       The objects of the study were two catenas located in different engineering and geological regions of a large industrial center in Khabarovsk with various types of technogenic hydrogeological processes. Diagnostic signs of transformed soils and new predpochvennye formations have been determined by means of the elementary landscapes of various sections of the catena, and the mechanisms of these transformations have been revealed. In the zone of technogenic flooding the relationship between the diagnostic features of transformed soils and the new environmental conditions is analyzed. Against the backdrop of landslide processes in the zone of technogenic flooding the nature of the soils transformation is considered. They were investigated in two blocks: man-made and mineral. The structure and mechanisms of creep in these blocks are different, which is clearly documented in the nature of the sliding material and the gradualness of the soil mantle transformation. The allocation of a new predpochvennye formation - fractal-stratified - is justified.

The meta-analysis was aimed at evaluating the association between the rs1801282 polymorphism of the PPARG gene and the risk of developing atherosclerosis based on an analysis of data from 20 case-control studies. Searches for published case-control studies were performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases between 2000 and February 2022. Association was assessed by statistical odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RevMan software (Cochrane Collaboration, 5.3. Copenhagen) was used for the meta-analysis. To assess the relationship between PPARG Pro12Ala polymorphism and the risk of atherosclerosis, 20 publications (twenty studies) with a large sample of 8691 cases and 11817 controls were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the results showed that the Ala allele was associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis in the Asian population p=0.01, OR=2.06, 95% CI 1.16 - 3.65; p=0.02, OR=2.02, 95% CI 1.14 - 3.59 compared with the European population. Pooled risk ratios for atherosclerosis based on dominant, recessive, allelic, homozygous, and heterozygous PPARG rs1801282 polymorphism models were (p=0.96, OR=1.00, 95% CI 0.87-1.15; p=0.13, OR=1.21, 95% CI 0.95-1.53, p=0.88, OR=1.02, 95% CI 0.82-1.26, p=0.06, OR=1.26, 95% CI 0.99-1.61, p=0.53, OR=0.96, 95 % CI 0.83 - 1.10), respectively. The present meta-analysis indicated that the rs1801282 C/G PPARG polymorphism may be associated with the risk of atherosclerosis in an Asian population. Further studies will be required to confirm the observed association.

Monitoring of adventive grassy flora of the Botanical garden of Southern Federal University Shmarayeva Antonina Nikolayevna, Shishlova Zhanna Nikolayevna, Kuzmenko Inna Petrovna Botanical garden of Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; anshmaraeva@sfedu.ru Abstract: The annotated list and results of the comprehensive analysis of grassy fraction of adventive flora of the Botanical garden of Southern Federal University (BS) is provided in article. In a short summary for each species are specified: the Latin and Russian names, a vital form, ecotype, frequency of occurrence and location in BS borders. Adventive grassy flora contains 66 species of seed plants from 25 families and 55 genuses, that makes 9.1 % of general structure of wild-growing flora of BS and 25.0 % of structure of sinanthropic flora of BS. The most part (59.7 %) of all families of sinanthropic flora of BS contain adventive species, including 17 families presented only by adventive plants. The most numerous families by taxons number in adventive grassy flora of BS are: Asteraceae (18 species), Brassicaceae (7 species), Poaceae (6 species), Oxalidaceae (4 species). The majority of genuses (85.5 %) in adventive grassy flora contain by one species, 9.1 % of genuses – 2 species, 5.4 % of genuses – 3 species (Amaranthus, Ambrosia, Xanthoxalis). In adventivne grassy flora of BS by a drift time the euneophytes (54.5 %) prevail, to neophyte group belong 33.3 %, and archaeophyte group belong 12.2 %. On extent of naturalization as a part of grassy fraction of adventive flora of BS epecophyte (53.0 %) quantitatively prevail, kolonophyte make 24.2 %, ephemerophyte – 15.2 %, and the smallest group – argiophyte (7.6 %). On the nature of primary area in adventive flora of BS the North American species (42.4 %) prevail.

Features of the geographical structure of the Krivoy Rog urban flora (Ukraine) Abstract: To identify the specificity of the formation of any flora and its relationship with other floras is possible using the geographic analysis. The aim of the work was to analyze the geographical structure of the spontaneous flora of Krivoy Rog city and to reveal the characteristics of its forming under the influence of urbanization. The object of research was all the species of higher plants, which spontaneously settled in the administrative borders of the city and its green zone. The geographical structure of the flora was understood as the inherent spectrum of geographic elements (arealogical groups). The analysis of the ranges of the species of the native fraction of Krivoy Rog urban flora was carried out on a zonal-regional basis, while the group of alien species was analyzed using the primary ranges of the species. Тhe geographic analysis reveals the autochthonous and allochthonous nature of the Krivoy Rog urban flora, its geographic connections at the level of high-ranking chorions: Holarctic, Palaearctic, Eurasian, Mediterranean.  In general, all the species belong to 7 basic and 2 transitional types and 25 geographic elements; alien species form the separate group. Identity and individuality of the city flora are determined by the species of the Black Sea type of the ranges, there are 147 ones (13,5%). A significant percentage of the alien species (30,66%) refers to the peculiarities of the modern florogenesis in urbanized territories; among these species an important role belong to representatives of the North American type of migratory elements (over 20% of the total number of alien species).  

Seventy years' experience of creation of the state protective forest strips in a steppe zone of Russia In a steppe zone of the European territory of Russia artificially created 8 state protective forest strips (SPFS) are located. Research objective: on the basis of analytical materials to carry out the assessment of a condition of SPFS of a steppe zone of the European part of Russia, to reveal their recreational potential. Materials and methods of a research: general information, creation history, ways and technologies of creation of SPFS, lesovodstvenny actions in them were studied and analyzed according to references and share materials. Information on existence and condition of SPFS in regions of a steppe zone of the European part of Russia was established according to the state forest register. For certain regions the recreational appeal of SPFS paid off.  In article the history of creation of these strips, since adoption of "The Stalin plan of transformation of the nature" from 20 оctober 1948 g is considered.  On this project in 15 years (1949-1965) it was planned to create 117.9 thousand hectares of SPFS, but actually works were finished in 1972. 4 water separate and 4 prirechnykh state protective forest strips were created.  Now the total area of SPFS in a steppe zone of the Russian Federation is 85.7 thousand hectares. At the same time more than 13% of their area are presented by not forest lands, and covered with forest vegetation are about 80%.  From tree species as a part of SPFS the Quércus róbur prevails, the second place is taken by an Fráxinus excélsior  and F. lanceolate, the third Ulmus pumila. It is established that more than a half of the spaces are occupied by middle-aged plantings, 16.6% – coming, 8.9% – ripe and perestoyny. The state protective forest strips have the recreational potential which increases in process of increase in a share of SPFS as a part of forest fund of the territory; and in process of decrease in the general woodiness of the territory.  The SPFS recreational value increases at increase in their availability (first of all transport) in comparison with other territory of forest fund.

Molecular-genetic and physiological features of chlorophyll-deficient sunflower mutants with extra-nuclear inheritance type Makarenko Maksim Stanislavovich, Kovalevich Aleksey Aleksandrovich, Shamova Tat'yana Vladimirovna, Kazancev Mikhail Yur'evich, Usatov Aleksandr Vyacheslavovich Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Abstract: Chlorophyll-deficient mutants are the appropriative models for providing investigations both of photosynthetic apparatus and nuclear-cytoplasmic relationships. In the current research, the genetic and physiological analysis of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) mutant lines (en:chlorina-1, en:chlorina-6, en:chlorina-7) was conducted. All the analyzed mutant lines have a yellow-green phenotype with an extra-nuclear type of mutation inheritance and have been obtained on the genetic basis of single inbred line 3629 by N-nitrosomethylurea induced mutagenesis. Matching the data of photochemical activity with chloroplast DNA genotyping data revealed that en:chlorina-1 mutant phenotype is associated with a non-synonymous mutation in the psaB (Thr586Ile) gene, en:chlorina-6 – in the psaB (Gly385Glu), and en: chlorina -7 – in psaA (Thr528Ile) and psbB (His157Tyr) genes.

The effectiveness of a new range of insecticides on maize against Heliсoverpa armigera (Hb) Zinchenko Vladimir E., Grinko ArtemV., Polienko Elena A. Federal Rostov Agrarian Scientific Center, grinko82@mail.ru Abstract: The article presents the results of three-year research on the use of modern insecticides against the main pest of maize in the Rostov region - Heliсoverpa armigera Hb. Studies have been conducted to study the biological effectiveness of the following chemicals Karate Zeon, MCS, Koragen, SC and Ampligo, MCS. The biological efficacy of insecticides Koragen, SC and Ampligo, MCS on day 14 after application was 86,5 and 91,7 %, respectively. On the variant with the use of insecticide Karate Zeon, MCS, the death of the pest did not exceed 45,8 %. Calculation of economic efficiency revealed a significant advantage of the preparation Ampligo, MCS. The income from this variant of experience amounted to 4841 rubles / ha with a profitability of 178,9 %. On variants Koragen, SC and Karate Zeon, MCS, this indicator was 1743,1 and 1177,9 rubles / ha, respectively.

Ecological-modifying effect of soil contamination with heavy metals on the contact interaction of human leukocytes Evstropov Vladimir M. Don state technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Abstract: It is known that by assessing the intensity of the contact interaction of lymphocytes with granulocytes, we can detect the processes of preclinical carcinogenesis. Heavy metals have carcinogenic properties, and the interaction of lymphocytes with granulocytes, which characterizes the level of transforming cells, is reduced in people permanently residing in the city, compared to people in rural areas [6], apparently under the influence of increased of anthropogenic environmental pollutions. At the same time, the contact interaction of lymphocytes with granulocytes can be considered as a cytological phenomenon, which characterizes the functional state of leukocytes, in particular their locomotor and adhesive potencies. Based on the characteristics of various functional zones of the city of Rostov-on-Don, established on the basis of the determination of the total indicator of soil contamination with heavy metals (zinc, arsenic, copper, lead and nickel), we carried out a comparative analysis of the activity of contact interaction of leukocytes of various types (lymphocytes and granulocytes) among the residents of two functional zones of the city, who differ in the degree of soil contamination with heavy metals: with moderately dangerous and acceptable levels of contamination. The results of the study showed that the residents of the functional zone of the city with a moderately dangerous level of soil contamination with heavy metals, the intensity of the interaction of the studied leukocytes was lower than that of those living in the territory with an acceptable level of pollution. We assume that the revealed decrease in the intensity of contact interaction of leukocytes in people long-term living in areas whose soil is moderately polluted with heavy metals is caused by chromosomal abnormalities and transformation of leukocytes, in particular lymphocytes.

Biotechnologies of oil-polluted soil cleaning of the apsheron peninsula and integral indicator of their biological condition Nadjafova Samira I., Gasanova Zulfiya P., Ismaylov Nariman M. Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan; nadjafovas@yahoo.com Abstract: Studies of technologically disturbed soils of the Absheron Peninsula were carried out through the integral indicator of the soil biological state (IPBS) in accordance with the scores of the most important informative properties of their biological state: enzymatic activity, hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganism numbers, seed ratio of total hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms to the total number, phytotoxicity, allowing to evaluate the potential of self-cleaning ability of landscapes and choose the way of their rehabilitation. Processing the results of the experiments showed that there is a negative relationship between the indicators of the degree of anthropogenic load with soil biogenicity: r = -0.75 ± 0.04. The system analysis of biological indicators and IPBS calculated on their basis of technologically disturbed soils of the Absheron Peninsula in the NGDU territories allowed them to be ranked according to the degree of resistance to anthropogenic pressure and ability to self-purification: Karadag district> Sabunchu and Khazar districts> Surakhani and Binagadi districts> Sabail district As a method of biological remediation, a biological preparation was used based on excess activated sludge from the Gosaninsky aerator station. The results of laboratory model studies have shown that the introduction of a biological product has a positive effect on the biological properties of the soil at both the microbiological and enzymatic levels.

horny scutes of shell in postembryonal ontogenesis of tortoises Conducted long-term studies of the dynamics of the formation of structure terrain horny scutes of shell the Mediterranean tortoise (Testudo graeca) in post-embryonal ontogenesis. It was found that the intensity and variability of education forms the structural elements constituting the relief flaps shell depends on the duration and nature of the flow of active and inactive periods in the life of the tortoises.

Catalpa speciosa (Warder ex Barney) Warder ex Engelm. и Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.in the space of vegetation indices CARI, CRI2 и CSI5 The article describes the experience of using data of a hyperspectral survey with a Cubert UHD 185 Firefly hyperspectral camera for two tree species of Catalpa speciosa (Warder ex Barney) Warder ex Engelm. and Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. The camera captures the reflected electromagnetic radiation from objects in the range from the visible to the near-infrared range, recording data of 1000 × 1000 pixels in the form of one panchromatic and 125 hyperspectral images, 50 × 50 pixels in size. The camera can be installed on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and used for monitoring and inventory of green spaces. Remote sensing methods allows to quickly conduct research of large areas, including remote and difficult to access in a short time. The purpose of this work is to collect and analyze hyperspectral data for the development of technologies for inventorying green spaces using UAV-based hyperspectral complex. A total of 7511 spectral profiles of the two species studied were calculated using three vegetation indices: Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index, Carotenoid Reflectance Index and Carter Stress Index. The possibility to distinguish two species by the spectral characteristics of their leaves is shown by the example of Catalpa speciosa and Armeniaca vulgaris.

Agrochemical characteristics of mining-heap complexes with various substrata Agrochemical characteristics of mining-heap complexes with various substrata Dmitrakova Y.A., Abakumov E.V. Saint-Petersburg State University Russia, dmitrakovay.a@gmail.com Abstract: With the aim to evaluate of key agrochemical soil characteristics 8 mining-heap complexes were investigated on example of mines for exploitation building materials.  The study sites were located in Leningrad, Novgorod and Tula regions. Objects are presented by 3 limestones, 3 sandy-gravel, 1 phosphorite and 1 fireproof clays mines. All the quarries were presented by maximal diverse ecotopes, where soil pits were created and sampling were conducted.  Soil acidity, total organic carbon and available forms of phosphorous, potassium, ammonia and nitrates were determined in the lab. Data obtained showed that content of nutrients variates within the soil profile depth and this fact illustrate unhomogenety of substrata on heaps. All the ground characteristics are favorable for vegetation development. The only exception was fixed for soil on the pyrite containing ground with extremely acid reaction.  The nutrients content and pH values were strongly affected by relief and reclamation technology, at least it was more pronounced than type of parent material. Despite on popular opinion that substrate of mines are usually poor in terms of nutriens content, in our study their content was comparable or even higher that in natural soils.    

Air masses and pollution transport to some Northern regions of European Russia were studied with trajectory statistics. We used EMEP data on lead and cadmium emissions to the atmosphere from Europe in 2010-2014. This dataset is most suitable for current investigation aiming to separate the contributions to pollution of the Northern Russia environment from sources of European part of Russia (1) and from the rest European territories (2). In some years at some points contributions (2) may be sizable (up to 50% and more), but as a whole the North of European Russia is polluted by the own Russian anthropogenic sources. As calculated, spatial, seasonal, and interannual variations in environmental pollution may be as high as 10 times and more. Spatial variations are determined by different distances between investigation points and the main sources of pollutants. Seasonal variations in air concentrations depend on the difference in deposition velocities for different seasons. Interannual variations in pollution level in Northern regions are caused by diversity of atmospheric circulation pattern, and (in less degree) by emission differences from year to year.

The content of mortmass and biodynamics of arable soil under conditions of real agrotechnology in Siberia Eng. The content of mortmass and biodynamics of arable soil under conditions of real agrotechnology in Siberia Danilova A.A.Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630501 Novosibirsk oblast. Krasnoobsk, a/b 356Danilova7alb@yandex.ru Abstract:We reviewed the literature data and the results of our own research in order to show the dependence of the ecologically significant biological properties of the soil on the content of the mortmass. The transfer of virgin soil to arable land leads to the mineralization of mobile organic matter stocks. In the long-term arable soil, all properties, including biological ones, stabilize at a lower level in comparison to the virgin soil. The use of fertilizers for plant nutrition can increase the total soil organic carbon content by only 0.1-0.2%. But the increase of mortmass carbon content can be more significant. Consequently, we have the opportunity to influence the biodynamics of the soil by changing of plant residues amount in the soil. In conditions of 4 grain-crop rotations, the influence of 4 doses of stubble wheat residues (2,2; 6,5; 7,2; 9,5 t/ha in year) on soil properties was studied. In 10 years after the beginning of the observations, the amount of mortmass was accordingly equal to 400, 690, 880, 1040 mg С/kg. The indicators of the biological activity of the soil increased by about 30-50%The relationship between the biological activity indicators and the detoxification activity of the soil was not straightforward.The most optimal dose of plant residues from ecological and agrotechnological positions was a dose equal to 6,5 t / ha, which provided detoxification of pesticides within the current growing season. Thus, there is the posibility to optimize the ecotoxicological situation in the arable soil at the expense of the agrocenosis's own resources.

Diurnal changes of weight and fat reserves in the Eurasian blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus, Aves) during winter period Eng. Diurnal changes of weight and fat reserves in the Eurasian blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus, Aves) during winter period Gavrilov Vadim V. S.N. Skadovsky Zvenigorod Biological Station, Biology department of the M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University,119991 Moscow, Russia; vadimgavrilov@yandex.ru Research was carried out in 1999 - 2018 at Zvenigorod Biological Station (the Moscow Region, Russia, 55o44' N, 36o51' E). Birds were caught by mist-nets. All the birds were banded, fat reserves and weight were determined and then birds were released. In total 58 Eurasian blue tit were caught. The daily rhythm of body weight of Eurasian blue tits can be divided into two periods: from 8 to 13 hours and from 13 to 19 hours. The body weight in the second half of the day - from 13 to 19 hours - is significantly higher than at other times. At night, the body weight of birds decreases. Fat reserves of Eurasian blue tits are maximal at the end of the day, with the last evening hours practically unchanged. Between 16 and 19 hours fat reserves are higher than at other times. Fat reserves decrease throughout the night and continue to decrease in the morning, reaching a minimum at 12 hours, after which they increase.