03.02.12 Микология

Sheyko Elena A.1, Sytnikov Denis M.2 1 S.I. Georgievsky Medical Academy  of Vernadsky CFU, Simferopol, Russian Federation; lenasheyko@mail.ru 2 Odessa I.I Mechnikov National University, Odessa, Ukraine   Abstract: Anatomy-morphological, symbiotic and allelopathic peculiarities of four representatives of the Orchidaceae Juss., the Crimea geophyte species: Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz s. l., Dactylorhiza iberica (M. Bieb. exWilld.) Soo?, Epipactis persica (Soó) Nannf. s. l., Ophrys mammosa Desf. subsp. taurica (Aggeenko) Soo? were studied. Biochemical, physiological, microscopic methods of research and methods of statistic alanalysis were used. As a result of the conducted researches, the features of the localization of the endomycotrophic component, the dynamics of symbiotic and allelopathic relations at various stages of ontogenesis, the influence of edaphic factors on the degree of mycotrophy were revealed. It was established that in the rhizomatous orchid species the degree of mycotrophy is lower than in the fleshy root species. The dynamics of symbiotic relationships varied according to ontogenesis phases. Occurrence of the mycorrhizal infection decreases from juvenile to a generative stage in the studied species. As the degree of mycotrophy increases, the number of ovules and seeds in the capsule increases. By the means of qualitative histochemical reactions it was established that the dynamics of allelopathic interactions is due to the accumulation of lignin, pectin and phenolic compounds in the tissues of the primary cortex of the orchids` rhizome. When studying the hormonal complex of fungi associated with orchids, the ability to excrete auxins and cytokinins into the external environment was revealed. It opens the possibility of microorganisms impact on overall hormonal balance of plants, stimulating additional rooting of orchids, as well as to influence the germination of their seeds. It was defined that the reproductive strategy of the investigated species of orchids is determined by the degree of interaction with the mycorhizal fungi, the peculiarities of the growing conditions and the nature of the studied species pollination.   

Materials on moulting of Dice snake (Natrix tessellata) (Serpentes, Colubridae, Natrix) in mainland and island populations of the western coast of Middle Caspian The article presents data on a molting of the Dice snake (Natrix tessellata) on the western coast of the Middle Caspian. The sex and the age differences in the frequency of moulting and the duration of the intervals separating of them have been revealed. A general increase in molting frequency in individuals of the island population were established. Approximately at 30% of the dice snakes of continental populations on the recreationally transformed areas of the territory were marked moult violations, which were expressed a fragmented of the pull off of the skin. There was a strong positive correlation between the length of the intervals between molts and the length of the body of snakes.  

Heavy metals in soils and road dust in the Stoilo-Lebedinsky mining complex. The content of heavy metals and metalloids were investigated in iron ore, soils and road dustin surrounding the Stoilo-Lebedinsky mining complex of Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, where a lot of mining, metallurgical and other enterprises are located. It was shown that this territory is subject to aerotechnogenic pollution by a large set of chemical elements, but because of their low background content in mined iron ore and natural variation of soil composition, it is difficult to identify the technogenic impact using gross analysis. The determination of chemical elements associated with iron in Tamm extract in combination with chemical composition of road dust, is the most informative way to detect anthropogenic impact on territory, influenced by ferrous metallurgy enterprises.  

Influence of elements of cultivation technology on soybean yield on chernozems of ordinary Grinko Artem V., Kulygin Vladimir A. Don Zonal Research Institute of Agriculture, Rassvet, Russia; grinko82@mail.ru Abstract: Improvement of the elements of soybean cultivation technology for obtaining high and sustainable yields is an actual task of agricultural production. To do this, it is necessary to optimize the factors that influence the growth and development of plants, as well as use the achievements of selection. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of important elements of technology (the method of soil cultivation, levels of mineral nutrition, the rate of seeding) on the yield of soybeans in the soil-climatic conditions of the Priazovskaya zone of the Rostov Region. The research was carried out on the experimental field of the Don Zonal Research Institute of Agriculture in 2014—2017. The article presents the results of research on a new variety of soybean Kazachka. The highest yield of soybean was obtained with the moldboard method of soil cultivation, high level of mineral nutrition N80P80K80 and seeding rate 0.7 million pcs / ha, it was 19.5 c / ha. The yield of soybeans for chisel soil cultivation was less by 1.2 centner / ha, or 6.1%. The best payback of 1 kg of fertilizers was obtained at the medium level of mineral nutrition (N40P40K40), regardless of the method of soil cultivation and the seeding rate, it was 3.33 kg / kg. In the conditions of a shortage of energy and mineral resources, the most effective combination of elements of soybean cultivation technology: chisel soil cultivation, medium level of mineral nutrition and seed rate of 0.7 million pcs / ha.  

Functional annotation of genes of localized on Y-chromosome оf human Annotation of genes localized on the Y-x romosome is carried out in the reference genome GRCh38.p7 located in NCBI. The Y-chromosome sequence in this assembly is 57227415 bp. The systematization of information about the functions of genes, biological processes in which their products participate, as well as their localization in cellular components is presented. It is shown that 98 protein-coding genes are localized on the Y chromosome, of which 63 genes are responsible for sex determination and spermatogenesis, 15 genes encode proteins that are part of cellular organelles, for 3 genes functions are unknown.  

Condition of Allium globosum Bieb. ex Redoute сenopopulation in specially protected natural territory «Natural boundary the Black ravine» Shmaraeva Antonina N., Shishlova Zhanna N., Kuzmenko Inna P. Botanical garden of Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; anshmaraeva@sfedu.ru   Abstract: In 2017 for the first time has been described the Rostov region's rare species cenopopulation Allium globosum Bieb. ex Redoute in a specially protected natural territory «Natural boundary the Black ravine». This natural territory of 522,9 hectares is located in the center of White Kalitva district on the right coast of river the Northern Donets, to the south from the farm of Kakichev. The flora of «Natural boundary the Black ravine» contains more than 300 species of angiospermous plants, including 18 taxons, listed in the Red Lists of the Rostov region and Russia. Now only three cenopopulations of Allium globosum are known and all of them in the White Kalitva district; one of them is in the «Natural boundary the Black ravine». Allium globosum is a bulbous-root polycarpous, forming clones, breeds mainly seeds. Cenopopulation of Allium globosum lives on a steep slope of ravine as a part of community of transitional type from the thyme to the stony steppe. The vegetation cover of an ecotope is rarefied, created on skeletal soil, the general projective covering – 60 %. Flora of association contains more than 40 species. In community a cereal herbs (Festuca valesiaca Gaudin, Agropyron pectinatum (Bieb.) Beauv.) and petrofile grasses dominate. The area of cenopopulation is about 10000 sq. m, and its density in places of concentration is 104 specimens on 0,25 sq. m. In an age range the sprouts (46 % of total specimens number) and juvenile plants (41 %) are prevail; immature specimens make 3 %, virgin – 4 %, generative – 6 %. So, by the age structure cenopopulation belongs to normal completed and young. It is characterized by satisfactory indicators of number, density, vitality of specimens that in general provides possibility of its long stable existence.  

Herbarium named after I.V. Novopokrovsky (RV): 100 years of the herbarium collection of K.M. Zalessky Demina Olga Nikolaevna1, Rogal Lyudmila Leonidovna2 1Karachaevo-Circassian State University named after U.D. Aliyeva, Russia, 369200, ul. Lenin, KChGU. E-mail: ondemina@yandex.ru 2 Southern Federal University, Russia, 344006, Rostov-on-Don, Botanical Descent, 7. SFU   Abstract:  The work reviews the herbarium collection of K.M. Zalessky, which has been stored for 100 years in herbarium named after I.V. Novopokrovsky Department of Botany of SFedU (RV). This is about 1 thousand of the most valuable rare specimens. At the beginning of the last century, he collected materials for the knowledge of the vegetation of the Lower Don region. These works, representing an inexhaustible source of botanical knowledge about the vegetation cover of the region, were systematically studied the vegetation cover of the Lower Don basin. The scientists for the first time characterized the types of Don steppes and on the basis of the herbarium, a flora outline was compiled, comprising 328 species of plants indicating their habitats and locations. Some of the places of herbarium fees given in this paper do not already exist or they were found outside the Rostov region: the habitat of Astragalus sulcatus collected by K.M. Zalessky on the meadow on May 31, 2017, in the vicinity of the village of Esaulovskaya, which belonged to the Second Don district (now the Volgograd region), is now flooded with the waters of the Tsimlyansk reservoir; habitats Asplenium septentrionale - the species was found by the scientist on June 5, 2017 in the crevices of the Royal rocks, on the territory of Ukraine (now it is a branch of the Lugansk nature reserve). Therefore, the herbarium collection from the southwestern and southern parts of the former Don Military Region serves as an invaluable historical evidence of the natural past of the Lower Don basin. Currently, the collection of K.M. Zalessky is used both for the compilation of fundamental floristic reports and for constructing various hypotheses on the dynamics of the Don flora and vegetation. These materials are the basis for studying the biological diversity of the Don region.  

Modern problems of natural and technogenic pollution of the environment (review) One of global problems of the present is pollution of the land area and water ecosystems by harmful ingredients. Scales of ecological consequences of environmental pollution steadily grow and consequences can be catastrophic. The number of natural and technogenic catastrophes has grown for the last 100 years by 20 times. Glaciers are intensively thaw in the Arctic and Antarctic . For the last 50 years temperature in the southwest of Antarctic has grown by 2,5 °C. Among natural sources of pollution the leading place is taken by volcanoes (520 acting from 1300), 250 thousand people have died from a tsunami in the Indian Ocean in 2004, because of accident on the NPP in Fukushima (Japan) in 2011 15,5 thousand people have died. Annually in the world there are more than 200 thousand fires, in Russia their quantity has grown from 2000 to 2009 from 9 to 22%. The huge contribution in environmental pollution is brought by the enterprises, motor transport, agriculture (mineral fertilizers, pesticides, etc.). In 31 countries 192 NPPs (more than 450 power units) work, 80-90% of waste of nuclear fuel production are stored locally around nuclear power plants, and then taken out on burial in the mines located in Russia in the Urals and in the USA – in 180 km from Las Vegas. The special danger is caused by nuclear weapon and nuclear waste, space debris, solid and liquid household waste. In the Baltic Sea over 300 thousand tons of the chemical warfare agents (CWA) are buried, in the Kara Sea 17 thousand containers with radioactive waste, 16 nuclear reactors, 5 atomic submarines, etc. are based. Plastic waste has polluted the rivers, the seas and oceans. From 1901 to 2007 in the world there were 1125 largest industrial accidents, more than 6 billion tons of mineral fertilizers, 8,3 billion tons of plastic are made and applied. Studying of diverse influence of anthropogenic factors on the environment is one of the most important current issues. An ultimate goal of such research – protection and improvement of the habitat of the person.  

Methodical principles for determining the bulk density of chernozem Morozov Igor V., Vareldzhan Diana E., Borovikova Yana V., Kolesnikova Nadezhda A. Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; migovad@sfedu.ru Abstract: Bulk density of soils is a fundamental physical value, wich is used in soil science to assess the relationship between solid, liquid and gaseous phases of the soil, to calculation of the total and differential porosity, stocks of substance, estimation of the degree of addition, and other agrophysical characteristic.The purpose of the research is designing of methodical principles for determining of the bulk density of chernozem. The feature of ordinary calcareous chernozem is the change in volume when moisture is varied, it was decisive when research object was choosing. Drilling and calculation methods were used to determine the soil density. Studies have shown that the dynamics of soil moisture is the reason of bulky changes in the soil, which is fixed by us in the form of parameters such as volume compaction and swelling volume. Also volume changes inevitably must be reflected in the change of the parameters of soil density. The dynamics of the bulk density when the soil moisture change is due to the phenomena of swelling and compaction exactly. At that the result of determination of soil bulk density will depend on the initial condition of soil: its moisture and, the occupied volume accordingly. The same soil can have different bulk density values - 1.2 g / cm3 and 1.8 g / cm3, respectively. These values correspond to two possible limiting status of soil as a physical body with a variable volume. We think that the available methods require a conceptual solution; when calculating the bulk density, it is proposed to take into account the dynamics of the volume of the soil, determining the interval «compaction limit of bulk density - swelling limit of bulk density».

About the formation of carbonate horizon of ordinary calcareous chernozems Morozov Igor V., Bezuglova Olga S., Minaeva Evgeniya N. Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, migovad@sfedu.ru Investigations were carried out on ordinary calcareous chernozem, which is named as migrate-segregated chernozem according to the Soil Classification of Russia (2004). The genesis of calcareous horizons is significantly linked with long-term dynamics of carbonates' precipitation. According to our opinion, upper boundary and deepness of accumulation of calcareous concentrations are determined by pulsating nature of the annual sum of atmospheric precipitations and their distribution during long-term cycle. The bottom boundary of water infiltration for significant part of atmospheric precipitations during 33th year period of observations is genetically related with a part of soil profile where calcareous concentrations are formed. About 71 % of the annual sum of atmospheric precipitations is percolated to the depth from 80 to 159 cm as a result of water infiltration into soil profile. It is an evidence of the paleomorphic nature of soil horizon where water-soluble salts and gypsum are significantly accumulated at depth 210-250 cm, and the same time is a proof of the absence of link with modern chernozemic soil-forming process.

Sheyko Elena A.1, Sytnikov Denis M.2 1 S.I. Georgievsky Medical Academy  of Vernadsky CFU, Simferopol, Russian Federation; lenasheyko@mail.ru 2 Odessa I.I Mechnikov National University, Odessa, Ukraine   Abstract: Anatomy-morphological, symbiotic and allelopathic peculiarities of four representatives of the Orchidaceae Juss., the Crimea geophyte species: Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz s. l., Dactylorhiza iberica (M. Bieb. exWilld.) Soo?, Epipactis persica (Soó) Nannf. s. l., Ophrys mammosa Desf. subsp. taurica (Aggeenko) Soo? were studied. Biochemical, physiological, microscopic methods of research and methods of statistic alanalysis were used. As a result of the conducted researches, the features of the localization of the endomycotrophic component, the dynamics of symbiotic and allelopathic relations at various stages of ontogenesis, the influence of edaphic factors on the degree of mycotrophy were revealed. It was established that in the rhizomatous orchid species the degree of mycotrophy is lower than in the fleshy root species. The dynamics of symbiotic relationships varied according to ontogenesis phases. Occurrence of the mycorrhizal infection decreases from juvenile to a generative stage in the studied species. As the degree of mycotrophy increases, the number of ovules and seeds in the capsule increases. By the means of qualitative histochemical reactions it was established that the dynamics of allelopathic interactions is due to the accumulation of lignin, pectin and phenolic compounds in the tissues of the primary cortex of the orchids` rhizome. When studying the hormonal complex of fungi associated with orchids, the ability to excrete auxins and cytokinins into the external environment was revealed. It opens the possibility of microorganisms impact on overall hormonal balance of plants, stimulating additional rooting of orchids, as well as to influence the germination of their seeds. It was defined that the reproductive strategy of the investigated species of orchids is determined by the degree of interaction with the mycorhizal fungi, the peculiarities of the growing conditions and the nature of the studied species pollination.   

Materials on moulting of Dice snake (Natrix tessellata) (Serpentes, Colubridae, Natrix) in mainland and island populations of the western coast of Middle Caspian The article presents data on a molting of the Dice snake (Natrix tessellata) on the western coast of the Middle Caspian. The sex and the age differences in the frequency of moulting and the duration of the intervals separating of them have been revealed. A general increase in molting frequency in individuals of the island population were established. Approximately at 30% of the dice snakes of continental populations on the recreationally transformed areas of the territory were marked moult violations, which were expressed a fragmented of the pull off of the skin. There was a strong positive correlation between the length of the intervals between molts and the length of the body of snakes.  

Heavy metals in soils and road dust in the Stoilo-Lebedinsky mining complex. The content of heavy metals and metalloids were investigated in iron ore, soils and road dustin surrounding the Stoilo-Lebedinsky mining complex of Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, where a lot of mining, metallurgical and other enterprises are located. It was shown that this territory is subject to aerotechnogenic pollution by a large set of chemical elements, but because of their low background content in mined iron ore and natural variation of soil composition, it is difficult to identify the technogenic impact using gross analysis. The determination of chemical elements associated with iron in Tamm extract in combination with chemical composition of road dust, is the most informative way to detect anthropogenic impact on territory, influenced by ferrous metallurgy enterprises.  

Influence of elements of cultivation technology on soybean yield on chernozems of ordinary Grinko Artem V., Kulygin Vladimir A. Don Zonal Research Institute of Agriculture, Rassvet, Russia; grinko82@mail.ru Abstract: Improvement of the elements of soybean cultivation technology for obtaining high and sustainable yields is an actual task of agricultural production. To do this, it is necessary to optimize the factors that influence the growth and development of plants, as well as use the achievements of selection. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of important elements of technology (the method of soil cultivation, levels of mineral nutrition, the rate of seeding) on the yield of soybeans in the soil-climatic conditions of the Priazovskaya zone of the Rostov Region. The research was carried out on the experimental field of the Don Zonal Research Institute of Agriculture in 2014—2017. The article presents the results of research on a new variety of soybean Kazachka. The highest yield of soybean was obtained with the moldboard method of soil cultivation, high level of mineral nutrition N80P80K80 and seeding rate 0.7 million pcs / ha, it was 19.5 c / ha. The yield of soybeans for chisel soil cultivation was less by 1.2 centner / ha, or 6.1%. The best payback of 1 kg of fertilizers was obtained at the medium level of mineral nutrition (N40P40K40), regardless of the method of soil cultivation and the seeding rate, it was 3.33 kg / kg. In the conditions of a shortage of energy and mineral resources, the most effective combination of elements of soybean cultivation technology: chisel soil cultivation, medium level of mineral nutrition and seed rate of 0.7 million pcs / ha.  

Functional annotation of genes of localized on Y-chromosome оf human Annotation of genes localized on the Y-x romosome is carried out in the reference genome GRCh38.p7 located in NCBI. The Y-chromosome sequence in this assembly is 57227415 bp. The systematization of information about the functions of genes, biological processes in which their products participate, as well as their localization in cellular components is presented. It is shown that 98 protein-coding genes are localized on the Y chromosome, of which 63 genes are responsible for sex determination and spermatogenesis, 15 genes encode proteins that are part of cellular organelles, for 3 genes functions are unknown.  

Condition of Allium globosum Bieb. ex Redoute сenopopulation in specially protected natural territory «Natural boundary the Black ravine» Shmaraeva Antonina N., Shishlova Zhanna N., Kuzmenko Inna P. Botanical garden of Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; anshmaraeva@sfedu.ru   Abstract: In 2017 for the first time has been described the Rostov region's rare species cenopopulation Allium globosum Bieb. ex Redoute in a specially protected natural territory «Natural boundary the Black ravine». This natural territory of 522,9 hectares is located in the center of White Kalitva district on the right coast of river the Northern Donets, to the south from the farm of Kakichev. The flora of «Natural boundary the Black ravine» contains more than 300 species of angiospermous plants, including 18 taxons, listed in the Red Lists of the Rostov region and Russia. Now only three cenopopulations of Allium globosum are known and all of them in the White Kalitva district; one of them is in the «Natural boundary the Black ravine». Allium globosum is a bulbous-root polycarpous, forming clones, breeds mainly seeds. Cenopopulation of Allium globosum lives on a steep slope of ravine as a part of community of transitional type from the thyme to the stony steppe. The vegetation cover of an ecotope is rarefied, created on skeletal soil, the general projective covering – 60 %. Flora of association contains more than 40 species. In community a cereal herbs (Festuca valesiaca Gaudin, Agropyron pectinatum (Bieb.) Beauv.) and petrofile grasses dominate. The area of cenopopulation is about 10000 sq. m, and its density in places of concentration is 104 specimens on 0,25 sq. m. In an age range the sprouts (46 % of total specimens number) and juvenile plants (41 %) are prevail; immature specimens make 3 %, virgin – 4 %, generative – 6 %. So, by the age structure cenopopulation belongs to normal completed and young. It is characterized by satisfactory indicators of number, density, vitality of specimens that in general provides possibility of its long stable existence.  

Herbarium named after I.V. Novopokrovsky (RV): 100 years of the herbarium collection of K.M. Zalessky Demina Olga Nikolaevna1, Rogal Lyudmila Leonidovna2 1Karachaevo-Circassian State University named after U.D. Aliyeva, Russia, 369200, ul. Lenin, KChGU. E-mail: ondemina@yandex.ru 2 Southern Federal University, Russia, 344006, Rostov-on-Don, Botanical Descent, 7. SFU   Abstract:  The work reviews the herbarium collection of K.M. Zalessky, which has been stored for 100 years in herbarium named after I.V. Novopokrovsky Department of Botany of SFedU (RV). This is about 1 thousand of the most valuable rare specimens. At the beginning of the last century, he collected materials for the knowledge of the vegetation of the Lower Don region. These works, representing an inexhaustible source of botanical knowledge about the vegetation cover of the region, were systematically studied the vegetation cover of the Lower Don basin. The scientists for the first time characterized the types of Don steppes and on the basis of the herbarium, a flora outline was compiled, comprising 328 species of plants indicating their habitats and locations. Some of the places of herbarium fees given in this paper do not already exist or they were found outside the Rostov region: the habitat of Astragalus sulcatus collected by K.M. Zalessky on the meadow on May 31, 2017, in the vicinity of the village of Esaulovskaya, which belonged to the Second Don district (now the Volgograd region), is now flooded with the waters of the Tsimlyansk reservoir; habitats Asplenium septentrionale - the species was found by the scientist on June 5, 2017 in the crevices of the Royal rocks, on the territory of Ukraine (now it is a branch of the Lugansk nature reserve). Therefore, the herbarium collection from the southwestern and southern parts of the former Don Military Region serves as an invaluable historical evidence of the natural past of the Lower Don basin. Currently, the collection of K.M. Zalessky is used both for the compilation of fundamental floristic reports and for constructing various hypotheses on the dynamics of the Don flora and vegetation. These materials are the basis for studying the biological diversity of the Don region.  

Modern problems of natural and technogenic pollution of the environment (review) One of global problems of the present is pollution of the land area and water ecosystems by harmful ingredients. Scales of ecological consequences of environmental pollution steadily grow and consequences can be catastrophic. The number of natural and technogenic catastrophes has grown for the last 100 years by 20 times. Glaciers are intensively thaw in the Arctic and Antarctic . For the last 50 years temperature in the southwest of Antarctic has grown by 2,5 °C. Among natural sources of pollution the leading place is taken by volcanoes (520 acting from 1300), 250 thousand people have died from a tsunami in the Indian Ocean in 2004, because of accident on the NPP in Fukushima (Japan) in 2011 15,5 thousand people have died. Annually in the world there are more than 200 thousand fires, in Russia their quantity has grown from 2000 to 2009 from 9 to 22%. The huge contribution in environmental pollution is brought by the enterprises, motor transport, agriculture (mineral fertilizers, pesticides, etc.). In 31 countries 192 NPPs (more than 450 power units) work, 80-90% of waste of nuclear fuel production are stored locally around nuclear power plants, and then taken out on burial in the mines located in Russia in the Urals and in the USA – in 180 km from Las Vegas. The special danger is caused by nuclear weapon and nuclear waste, space debris, solid and liquid household waste. In the Baltic Sea over 300 thousand tons of the chemical warfare agents (CWA) are buried, in the Kara Sea 17 thousand containers with radioactive waste, 16 nuclear reactors, 5 atomic submarines, etc. are based. Plastic waste has polluted the rivers, the seas and oceans. From 1901 to 2007 in the world there were 1125 largest industrial accidents, more than 6 billion tons of mineral fertilizers, 8,3 billion tons of plastic are made and applied. Studying of diverse influence of anthropogenic factors on the environment is one of the most important current issues. An ultimate goal of such research – protection and improvement of the habitat of the person.  

Methodical principles for determining the bulk density of chernozem Morozov Igor V., Vareldzhan Diana E., Borovikova Yana V., Kolesnikova Nadezhda A. Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; migovad@sfedu.ru Abstract: Bulk density of soils is a fundamental physical value, wich is used in soil science to assess the relationship between solid, liquid and gaseous phases of the soil, to calculation of the total and differential porosity, stocks of substance, estimation of the degree of addition, and other agrophysical characteristic.The purpose of the research is designing of methodical principles for determining of the bulk density of chernozem. The feature of ordinary calcareous chernozem is the change in volume when moisture is varied, it was decisive when research object was choosing. Drilling and calculation methods were used to determine the soil density. Studies have shown that the dynamics of soil moisture is the reason of bulky changes in the soil, which is fixed by us in the form of parameters such as volume compaction and swelling volume. Also volume changes inevitably must be reflected in the change of the parameters of soil density. The dynamics of the bulk density when the soil moisture change is due to the phenomena of swelling and compaction exactly. At that the result of determination of soil bulk density will depend on the initial condition of soil: its moisture and, the occupied volume accordingly. The same soil can have different bulk density values - 1.2 g / cm3 and 1.8 g / cm3, respectively. These values correspond to two possible limiting status of soil as a physical body with a variable volume. We think that the available methods require a conceptual solution; when calculating the bulk density, it is proposed to take into account the dynamics of the volume of the soil, determining the interval «compaction limit of bulk density - swelling limit of bulk density».

About the formation of carbonate horizon of ordinary calcareous chernozems Morozov Igor V., Bezuglova Olga S., Minaeva Evgeniya N. Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, migovad@sfedu.ru Investigations were carried out on ordinary calcareous chernozem, which is named as migrate-segregated chernozem according to the Soil Classification of Russia (2004). The genesis of calcareous horizons is significantly linked with long-term dynamics of carbonates' precipitation. According to our opinion, upper boundary and deepness of accumulation of calcareous concentrations are determined by pulsating nature of the annual sum of atmospheric precipitations and their distribution during long-term cycle. The bottom boundary of water infiltration for significant part of atmospheric precipitations during 33th year period of observations is genetically related with a part of soil profile where calcareous concentrations are formed. About 71 % of the annual sum of atmospheric precipitations is percolated to the depth from 80 to 159 cm as a result of water infiltration into soil profile. It is an evidence of the paleomorphic nature of soil horizon where water-soluble salts and gypsum are significantly accumulated at depth 210-250 cm, and the same time is a proof of the absence of link with modern chernozemic soil-forming process.