1.5.15. Экология

The ameliorative condition of the soil spread around the Kattakurgan reservoir and its changes The ameliorative condition of the soil spread around the Kattakurgan reservoir and its changes Abdullaev S.A.1, Jabbarov Z.A.1, Tursunulova A.1, Okolelova A.A.2, Kholdorov Sh.M.3 1National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, zafarjonjabbarov@gmail.com 2Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd, Russia, allaokol@mail.ru 3Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology – TUAT, Tokyo, Japan, sh.m.xoldorov@gmail.com Abstract: Changes in the physicomechanical properties and ameliorative state of the soil were studied using the Kattakurgan reservoir as an example; the degree of fossil, the density of irrigated lands, the dynamics of the groundwater level by years, the ameliorative state and the location of salts by layers were studied. According to the results, the indicator of soils with an inadequate ameliorative state increased from 4.22% to 5.58%. It was justified that the level of groundwater salinity is mainly between 0-1 g / l and 1-3 g / l. It is scientifically substantiated that the main effect of the Kattakurgan reservoir on soils is formed by the accumulation of salts, the effect on the physicomechanical properties is relatively small.

Monitoring of adventive grassy flora of the Botanical garden of Southern Federal University Shmarayeva Antonina Nikolayevna, Shishlova Zhanna Nikolayevna, Kuzmenko Inna Petrovna Botanical garden of Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; anshmaraeva@sfedu.ru Abstract: The annotated list and results of the comprehensive analysis of grassy fraction of adventive flora of the Botanical garden of Southern Federal University (BS) is provided in article. In a short summary for each species are specified: the Latin and Russian names, a vital form, ecotype, frequency of occurrence and location in BS borders. Adventive grassy flora contains 66 species of seed plants from 25 families and 55 genuses, that makes 9.1 % of general structure of wild-growing flora of BS and 25.0 % of structure of sinanthropic flora of BS. The most part (59.7 %) of all families of sinanthropic flora of BS contain adventive species, including 17 families presented only by adventive plants. The most numerous families by taxons number in adventive grassy flora of BS are: Asteraceae (18 species), Brassicaceae (7 species), Poaceae (6 species), Oxalidaceae (4 species). The majority of genuses (85.5 %) in adventive grassy flora contain by one species, 9.1 % of genuses – 2 species, 5.4 % of genuses – 3 species (Amaranthus, Ambrosia, Xanthoxalis). In adventivne grassy flora of BS by a drift time the euneophytes (54.5 %) prevail, to neophyte group belong 33.3 %, and archaeophyte group belong 12.2 %. On extent of naturalization as a part of grassy fraction of adventive flora of BS epecophyte (53.0 %) quantitatively prevail, kolonophyte make 24.2 %, ephemerophyte – 15.2 %, and the smallest group – argiophyte (7.6 %). On the nature of primary area in adventive flora of BS the North American species (42.4 %) prevail.

Features of the geographical structure of the Krivoy Rog urban flora (Ukraine) Abstract: To identify the specificity of the formation of any flora and its relationship with other floras is possible using the geographic analysis. The aim of the work was to analyze the geographical structure of the spontaneous flora of Krivoy Rog city and to reveal the characteristics of its forming under the influence of urbanization. The object of research was all the species of higher plants, which spontaneously settled in the administrative borders of the city and its green zone. The geographical structure of the flora was understood as the inherent spectrum of geographic elements (arealogical groups). The analysis of the ranges of the species of the native fraction of Krivoy Rog urban flora was carried out on a zonal-regional basis, while the group of alien species was analyzed using the primary ranges of the species. Тhe geographic analysis reveals the autochthonous and allochthonous nature of the Krivoy Rog urban flora, its geographic connections at the level of high-ranking chorions: Holarctic, Palaearctic, Eurasian, Mediterranean.  In general, all the species belong to 7 basic and 2 transitional types and 25 geographic elements; alien species form the separate group. Identity and individuality of the city flora are determined by the species of the Black Sea type of the ranges, there are 147 ones (13,5%). A significant percentage of the alien species (30,66%) refers to the peculiarities of the modern florogenesis in urbanized territories; among these species an important role belong to representatives of the North American type of migratory elements (over 20% of the total number of alien species).  

Seventy years' experience of creation of the state protective forest strips in a steppe zone of Russia In a steppe zone of the European territory of Russia artificially created 8 state protective forest strips (SPFS) are located. Research objective: on the basis of analytical materials to carry out the assessment of a condition of SPFS of a steppe zone of the European part of Russia, to reveal their recreational potential. Materials and methods of a research: general information, creation history, ways and technologies of creation of SPFS, lesovodstvenny actions in them were studied and analyzed according to references and share materials. Information on existence and condition of SPFS in regions of a steppe zone of the European part of Russia was established according to the state forest register. For certain regions the recreational appeal of SPFS paid off.  In article the history of creation of these strips, since adoption of "The Stalin plan of transformation of the nature" from 20 оctober 1948 g is considered.  On this project in 15 years (1949-1965) it was planned to create 117.9 thousand hectares of SPFS, but actually works were finished in 1972. 4 water separate and 4 prirechnykh state protective forest strips were created.  Now the total area of SPFS in a steppe zone of the Russian Federation is 85.7 thousand hectares. At the same time more than 13% of their area are presented by not forest lands, and covered with forest vegetation are about 80%.  From tree species as a part of SPFS the Quércus róbur prevails, the second place is taken by an Fráxinus excélsior  and F. lanceolate, the third Ulmus pumila. It is established that more than a half of the spaces are occupied by middle-aged plantings, 16.6% – coming, 8.9% – ripe and perestoyny. The state protective forest strips have the recreational potential which increases in process of increase in a share of SPFS as a part of forest fund of the territory; and in process of decrease in the general woodiness of the territory.  The SPFS recreational value increases at increase in their availability (first of all transport) in comparison with other territory of forest fund.

Molecular-genetic and physiological features of chlorophyll-deficient sunflower mutants with extra-nuclear inheritance type Makarenko Maksim Stanislavovich, Kovalevich Aleksey Aleksandrovich, Shamova Tat'yana Vladimirovna, Kazancev Mikhail Yur'evich, Usatov Aleksandr Vyacheslavovich Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Abstract: Chlorophyll-deficient mutants are the appropriative models for providing investigations both of photosynthetic apparatus and nuclear-cytoplasmic relationships. In the current research, the genetic and physiological analysis of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) mutant lines (en:chlorina-1, en:chlorina-6, en:chlorina-7) was conducted. All the analyzed mutant lines have a yellow-green phenotype with an extra-nuclear type of mutation inheritance and have been obtained on the genetic basis of single inbred line 3629 by N-nitrosomethylurea induced mutagenesis. Matching the data of photochemical activity with chloroplast DNA genotyping data revealed that en:chlorina-1 mutant phenotype is associated with a non-synonymous mutation in the psaB (Thr586Ile) gene, en:chlorina-6 – in the psaB (Gly385Glu), and en: chlorina -7 – in psaA (Thr528Ile) and psbB (His157Tyr) genes.

The effectiveness of a new range of insecticides on maize against Heliсoverpa armigera (Hb) Zinchenko Vladimir E., Grinko ArtemV., Polienko Elena A. Federal Rostov Agrarian Scientific Center, grinko82@mail.ru Abstract: The article presents the results of three-year research on the use of modern insecticides against the main pest of maize in the Rostov region - Heliсoverpa armigera Hb. Studies have been conducted to study the biological effectiveness of the following chemicals Karate Zeon, MCS, Koragen, SC and Ampligo, MCS. The biological efficacy of insecticides Koragen, SC and Ampligo, MCS on day 14 after application was 86,5 and 91,7 %, respectively. On the variant with the use of insecticide Karate Zeon, MCS, the death of the pest did not exceed 45,8 %. Calculation of economic efficiency revealed a significant advantage of the preparation Ampligo, MCS. The income from this variant of experience amounted to 4841 rubles / ha with a profitability of 178,9 %. On variants Koragen, SC and Karate Zeon, MCS, this indicator was 1743,1 and 1177,9 rubles / ha, respectively.

Ecological-modifying effect of soil contamination with heavy metals on the contact interaction of human leukocytes Evstropov Vladimir M. Don state technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Abstract: It is known that by assessing the intensity of the contact interaction of lymphocytes with granulocytes, we can detect the processes of preclinical carcinogenesis. Heavy metals have carcinogenic properties, and the interaction of lymphocytes with granulocytes, which characterizes the level of transforming cells, is reduced in people permanently residing in the city, compared to people in rural areas [6], apparently under the influence of increased of anthropogenic environmental pollutions. At the same time, the contact interaction of lymphocytes with granulocytes can be considered as a cytological phenomenon, which characterizes the functional state of leukocytes, in particular their locomotor and adhesive potencies. Based on the characteristics of various functional zones of the city of Rostov-on-Don, established on the basis of the determination of the total indicator of soil contamination with heavy metals (zinc, arsenic, copper, lead and nickel), we carried out a comparative analysis of the activity of contact interaction of leukocytes of various types (lymphocytes and granulocytes) among the residents of two functional zones of the city, who differ in the degree of soil contamination with heavy metals: with moderately dangerous and acceptable levels of contamination. The results of the study showed that the residents of the functional zone of the city with a moderately dangerous level of soil contamination with heavy metals, the intensity of the interaction of the studied leukocytes was lower than that of those living in the territory with an acceptable level of pollution. We assume that the revealed decrease in the intensity of contact interaction of leukocytes in people long-term living in areas whose soil is moderately polluted with heavy metals is caused by chromosomal abnormalities and transformation of leukocytes, in particular lymphocytes.

Biotechnologies of oil-polluted soil cleaning of the apsheron peninsula and integral indicator of their biological condition Nadjafova Samira I., Gasanova Zulfiya P., Ismaylov Nariman M. Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan; nadjafovas@yahoo.com Abstract: Studies of technologically disturbed soils of the Absheron Peninsula were carried out through the integral indicator of the soil biological state (IPBS) in accordance with the scores of the most important informative properties of their biological state: enzymatic activity, hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganism numbers, seed ratio of total hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms to the total number, phytotoxicity, allowing to evaluate the potential of self-cleaning ability of landscapes and choose the way of their rehabilitation. Processing the results of the experiments showed that there is a negative relationship between the indicators of the degree of anthropogenic load with soil biogenicity: r = -0.75 ± 0.04. The system analysis of biological indicators and IPBS calculated on their basis of technologically disturbed soils of the Absheron Peninsula in the NGDU territories allowed them to be ranked according to the degree of resistance to anthropogenic pressure and ability to self-purification: Karadag district> Sabunchu and Khazar districts> Surakhani and Binagadi districts> Sabail district As a method of biological remediation, a biological preparation was used based on excess activated sludge from the Gosaninsky aerator station. The results of laboratory model studies have shown that the introduction of a biological product has a positive effect on the biological properties of the soil at both the microbiological and enzymatic levels.

horny scutes of shell in postembryonal ontogenesis of tortoises Conducted long-term studies of the dynamics of the formation of structure terrain horny scutes of shell the Mediterranean tortoise (Testudo graeca) in post-embryonal ontogenesis. It was found that the intensity and variability of education forms the structural elements constituting the relief flaps shell depends on the duration and nature of the flow of active and inactive periods in the life of the tortoises.

Catalpa speciosa (Warder ex Barney) Warder ex Engelm. и Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.in the space of vegetation indices CARI, CRI2 и CSI5 The article describes the experience of using data of a hyperspectral survey with a Cubert UHD 185 Firefly hyperspectral camera for two tree species of Catalpa speciosa (Warder ex Barney) Warder ex Engelm. and Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. The camera captures the reflected electromagnetic radiation from objects in the range from the visible to the near-infrared range, recording data of 1000 × 1000 pixels in the form of one panchromatic and 125 hyperspectral images, 50 × 50 pixels in size. The camera can be installed on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and used for monitoring and inventory of green spaces. Remote sensing methods allows to quickly conduct research of large areas, including remote and difficult to access in a short time. The purpose of this work is to collect and analyze hyperspectral data for the development of technologies for inventorying green spaces using UAV-based hyperspectral complex. A total of 7511 spectral profiles of the two species studied were calculated using three vegetation indices: Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index, Carotenoid Reflectance Index and Carter Stress Index. The possibility to distinguish two species by the spectral characteristics of their leaves is shown by the example of Catalpa speciosa and Armeniaca vulgaris.

Thermal desorption of petroleum products and heavy metals in soils of the Volgograd–Volzhsky agglomeration Thermal desorption of petroleum products and heavy metals in soils of the Volgograd–Volzhsky agglomeration Kaplya Veronika N., Okolelova Alla A., Korchagina Mariya P. Volgograd state technical University, Volgograd, Russia; veronikazaikina@mail.ru Abstract: Thermal desorption is used to accelerate the extraction of large amounts of high–molecular hydrocarbons (including petroleum products) from the soil. It was carried out under the influence of high temperatures and pressure in the autoclave MLS – 3020 U (SANVO, Japan) at 1.5 atm (122 ° C), and warmed in a dry oven SHS–80–01 at 170 ° C for 40 minutes . Purpose: to study the features of fixing petroleum products and heavy metals in agglomeration soils, changes in their concentration in the soil under the influence of high temperatures and pressure (thermal desorption). This article presents information on the content of petroleum products and heavy metals in light chestnut and alluvial soils of the Volgograd–Volzhsky agglomeration, and for the first time – changes in their content in the soil after thermal desorption. For the first time we used similar conditions for determination of heavy metals in soils. The concentration of petroleum products after thermal desorption in the soil increases by 1.22–1.50 times. The increase in the concentration of petroleum products after thermal desorption occurs due to the fact that a significant part of them, represented by light fractions, evaporates in the first weeks after entering the soil, and heavy fractions are sorbed by the mineral part of the soil, and as a result of desorption are released. The concentration of heavy metals after thermal desorption are almost twice less than their gross forms. We assume that the mobile fractions (acid – and water–soluble) at a given temperature and pressure evaporate, and as a result of desorption elements are released from the complexes.  

Гумусное состояние черноземов Болгарии Filcheva Е.G., Ilieva R. S., Lubenova I., Hristov B., Hristova M.  Abstract. Content, composition and morphology of soil organic matter are important diagnostic indicators which provide valuable information in the study of soils and soil processes. Data for content and composition of soil organic matter from statistical profiles of subtypes of Chernozem are presented in the study.Micromorphological characteristics of studied soils are developed. Micromorphological indicators confirm the identified chemically - humus type and humic acids condensation.    

Оценка основных кинетических параметров каталазы в почве Fariz Mikayilov Department of Soil Science and Nutrition of Plants of Agricultural Faculty of "Igdyr" University, 76000, Igdir, Turkey, fariz.m@igdir.edu.tr Abstract. Numerous studies have been carried out on the kinetics of enzymatic processes in soils in which the kinetic parameters Vmax and KM are determined using the Michaelis-Menten equation. The enzyme activity values for a short period of time from the start of the reaction are usually used as the value of the reaction rate. In contrast to these studies, we used analytical methods to determine the initial rate of the enzymatic reaction. Calculations are made for determining the values of the initial velocity and kinetic parameters of catalase in the soil. The conducted studies show the dependence of the accumulation of the catalase enzymatic reaction products from the incubation time at various concentrations of substrates in the soils of Konya province. It has been shown that the amount of the reaction products grows nonlinearly, moreover it is described by the most accurate and adequate model - a polynomial of the 4th degree. Using this model, the initial velocity values for each substrate concentration were calculated. The curves of the dependence of the initial rate of the catalase reaction in the soil from the substrate concentration for the soils of the Chumra region have a monotonous form. Thus, we were able to improve the accuracy of determining the initial reaction rate and the kinetic parameters Vmax and KM of the enzymatic reaction of hydrogen peroxide decomposition by catalase in real soil conditions.  

Changes in the properties of oil-contaminated soils in the desert zone Changes in the properties of oil-contaminated soils in the desert zone Jabbarov Z.A.1, Abdrakhmanov T.1,Xaidmuxamedova Z.L., Wilkomirsky B.2 1National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, zafarjonjabbarov@gmail.com  2Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd, Russia, allaokol@mail.ru 3Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Kielce, Poland, bowi@biol.uw.edu.pl    Abstract: The studies examined the state of soil pollution by remoteness from the source of pollution and the soil profile as a result of the activity of five oil fields and one oil and gas enterprise. At the same time, pollution was noted with two types of soil pollutants around oil fields and an oil and gas enterprise. According to the obtained results, it was noted that the degree of soil pollution by sources relative to the background in the gray-brown soils spread around the Kukdmalok oil fields was 10.3 g / kg; in meadow-alluvial soils common around the North Oknazar oil fields - 6.4; in takyr-meadow soils common around UDP “Muborakneftgaz” - 2.80; in gray-brown soils spread around the Uchkyzyl oil fields - 11.2; in takyr soils common around Kakaidi-2.4 oil fields; and in desert sandy soils around the Khovdak oil fields - 82.7 g / kg.  

Metabolomic profiling of soils of chronoseries of podzols of a sand quarry Metabolomic profiling of soils of chronoseries of podzols of a sand quarry K.V. Sazanova, E.V. Abakumov, D.Yu. Vlasov FGBOU St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, University Emb. d.7-9   Abstract: Metabolic profiling of soil samples from the chrono-series of the Maluksinsky quarry was carried out: 1-2 years old, fresh sand lithostra with no signs of overgrowing and soil formation, the stage of self-overgrowing 15–20 years with emerging pine-tree and sod-podbur, the stage of self-overgrowing 30–35 years with embryo podzol, the stage of self-overgrowing 70 years with formed podzol and pine forest background soil near the quarry. Soil chronoseries are promising model objects in which the process of soil restoration can be observed in development within certain time intervals. Analysis of methanol extracts of the soil was performed using the GC-MS method. Metabolic profiling of soil samples from the chrono-series of the Maluksinsky quarry was carried out. Amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids of the Krebs cycle, polyols, sugars, sterols, diterpenes, and phenolic compounds were identified in the metabolic profile. The results showed the samples significantly differ in the content of low molecular weight organic substances. The greatest structural diversity of small molecules was found in samples from the upper horizon. Molecular diversity was achieved mainly due to the secondary plant metabolites are likely to leach out of the litter and higher plants. The profiles of the underlying horizons are more similar. In the sand dumps, the amount of organic matter was very low and the metabolic profiles of all horizons differed little. The obtained results expand the understanding of the biochemical composition of the soil, contribute to the understanding of the processes of pedogenesis and the structure of the metabolite network of soils.  

Non-ribosomally synthesized metabolites and the genetic mechanisms of their synthesis in the implementation of the fungicidal effect of Bacillus and Paenibacillus bacteria (review) Pathogenic fungi that cause damage to agricultural crops pose a serious threat to the agricultural industry. The development of biological products based on bacteria - natural antagonists of fungi is the most environmentally safe strategy to withstand it. The purpose of this review was to systematize the existing data on bacteria antagonistic to pathogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium and the mechanisms for this antagonism’s implementation. The review lists the main mechanisms, as well as a number of genes responsible for these mechanisms. These genes can be an important element in the development of a genetic screening system for strains that are effective antagonists of pathogenic fungi.

Comparative ability to adapt vines on the Lower Don Eng: Comparative ability to adapt vines on the Lower Don Maltseva A.N. Botanical Garden of the Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Abstract: Despite the blackberry widespread in the World, this crop in Russia is not paid enough attention. Industrial cultivation of blackberry is absent. During the last 15 years were published the results of a few studies. For the production of canned blackberries in sugar, Donconserv at Rostov-on-Don city use blackberries of imported raw materials (Poland or China). Therefore, the blackberries in our country can be attributed as underutilized crops. The steppe arid zone, in which the Botanical Garden of the Southern Federal University is located, characterized by a combination of heat excess with a relative lack of moisture. Since blackberry is liana, it was interesting to study several species of lianas and their ability to adapt to this climate. To the investigation were taken species: Rubus сanadensis L., Aktinidia argutaPlanch. Ex Mig. and Parthenociccus quinquefolia (L). Planch.  

Sheyko Elena A.1, Sytnikov Denis M.2 1 S.I. Georgievsky Medical Academy  of Vernadsky CFU, Simferopol, Russian Federation; lenasheyko@mail.ru 2 Odessa I.I Mechnikov National University, Odessa, Ukraine   Abstract: Anatomy-morphological, symbiotic and allelopathic peculiarities of four representatives of the Orchidaceae Juss., the Crimea geophyte species: Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz s. l., Dactylorhiza iberica (M. Bieb. exWilld.) Soo?, Epipactis persica (Soó) Nannf. s. l., Ophrys mammosa Desf. subsp. taurica (Aggeenko) Soo? were studied. Biochemical, physiological, microscopic methods of research and methods of statistic alanalysis were used. As a result of the conducted researches, the features of the localization of the endomycotrophic component, the dynamics of symbiotic and allelopathic relations at various stages of ontogenesis, the influence of edaphic factors on the degree of mycotrophy were revealed. It was established that in the rhizomatous orchid species the degree of mycotrophy is lower than in the fleshy root species. The dynamics of symbiotic relationships varied according to ontogenesis phases. Occurrence of the mycorrhizal infection decreases from juvenile to a generative stage in the studied species. As the degree of mycotrophy increases, the number of ovules and seeds in the capsule increases. By the means of qualitative histochemical reactions it was established that the dynamics of allelopathic interactions is due to the accumulation of lignin, pectin and phenolic compounds in the tissues of the primary cortex of the orchids` rhizome. When studying the hormonal complex of fungi associated with orchids, the ability to excrete auxins and cytokinins into the external environment was revealed. It opens the possibility of microorganisms impact on overall hormonal balance of plants, stimulating additional rooting of orchids, as well as to influence the germination of their seeds. It was defined that the reproductive strategy of the investigated species of orchids is determined by the degree of interaction with the mycorhizal fungi, the peculiarities of the growing conditions and the nature of the studied species pollination.   

Materials on moulting of Dice snake (Natrix tessellata) (Serpentes, Colubridae, Natrix) in mainland and island populations of the western coast of Middle Caspian The article presents data on a molting of the Dice snake (Natrix tessellata) on the western coast of the Middle Caspian. The sex and the age differences in the frequency of moulting and the duration of the intervals separating of them have been revealed. A general increase in molting frequency in individuals of the island population were established. Approximately at 30% of the dice snakes of continental populations on the recreationally transformed areas of the territory were marked moult violations, which were expressed a fragmented of the pull off of the skin. There was a strong positive correlation between the length of the intervals between molts and the length of the body of snakes.  

Heavy metals in soils and road dust in the Stoilo-Lebedinsky mining complex. The content of heavy metals and metalloids were investigated in iron ore, soils and road dustin surrounding the Stoilo-Lebedinsky mining complex of Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, where a lot of mining, metallurgical and other enterprises are located. It was shown that this territory is subject to aerotechnogenic pollution by a large set of chemical elements, but because of their low background content in mined iron ore and natural variation of soil composition, it is difficult to identify the technogenic impact using gross analysis. The determination of chemical elements associated with iron in Tamm extract in combination with chemical composition of road dust, is the most informative way to detect anthropogenic impact on territory, influenced by ferrous metallurgy enterprises.