1.5.15. Экология

The article considers anthropogenic and technogenic factors that affect the ecological state of the landscapes of the Absheron industrial region and the components of the ecosystems of Sumgait and Baku-soil, atmosphere, and water. In the highly urbanized territory of the Absheron industrial region in the areas of the Sumgait-Baku cities, the main sources of pollution are emissions from petrochemical, chemical, machine-building and other industries, oil production in the territories adjacent to the city, and motor transport. A systematic analysis of the state of the territory of the Absheron industrial region showed that the low level of assimilation capacity of the environment of the studied region is primarily determined by a high degree of urbanization, arid climate, low ecosystem weight and low natural biodiversity, which determines a high level of sensitivity to pollution and low oxygen reproductive capacity – only 0.8 million tons / year, associated with weak vegetation cover (covered with natural ephemeral vegetation only in spring and autumn), an increase in the ground water level, low bioclimatic potential, unfavorable water-thermal regime, lack of surface water, runoff, the presence of highly mineralized, polluted reservoirs, the characteristic unstable relationship between individual components in landscapes and the lack of mutual compensation between them.

The aim of the work was to map the anthropogenic landscape created in the mountain taiga in the south of Western Siberia as a result of mining operations in coal mining, to determine its ecological and soil status.  The study was carried out by laying 10 m long transects, to fix the lengths of the section of one or another anthropogenic habitat crossed by the transect with the corresponding outline. The article reflects the features of the formation of soil cover in anthropogenic landscapes, which genetically sharply differ from the soil cover of natural landscapes. In disturbed ecosystems, as a result of self-overgrowing, various types of embryozems are formed; in natural ecosystems, deep podzolic soddy soils are determined in natural ecosystems under the black taiga, and brown taiga soils under secondary forests. Mapping showed that during natural self-restoration in anthropogenic landscapes, a mosaic specific soil cover is formed, which includes embryozems: initial, organo-accumulative, sod and humus-accumulative soil cover. The ecological and soil status of the flattened areas under herbaceous vegetation (plots 1 and 3) is good and satisfactory, since after 50 years from the moment of the initial phase of anthropogenesis, embryozems of late evolutionary stages – sod and humus-accumulative, predominate in the soil cover. The ecological and soil status of slope surfaces (plot 2) and areas under trees (plot 4) is unsatisfactory, but it has some development prospects. The ecological and soil status of the entire landscape can be considered satisfactory. Trends in the direction of soil development have been determined. In the near future, the soil cover is expected to form: on graded areas – humus-accumulative embryozems, under trees – various subtypes of organo-accumulative embryozems (burozem-like, pseudopodzolized). In the distant future it is predicted: in flat areas under taiga forbs – rough-humus mountain soils, under tree and shrub vegetation – brown mountain taiga soils.

An overview of mathematical models on cattle lactation is herein provided. A technique for constructing lactation curves using logical assumption and Verhulst’s logistic function for predicting the cows’ milk production is described. A new modeling lactation method that is based on solving the equation that describes the rate of change of milk production, depending on time elapsed since calving is presented. The statistical parameters of the adequacy of the models recommended in the literature for describing the lactation curve of cows and our proposed models were calculated Approximation accuracy allows for the identification of models that most reliably describe the lactation curve in the example of cattle.

Due to significant differences in environmental and genetic properties, soils of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus vary significantly in resistance to anthropogenic effects. The purpose of this work is to investigate the change in catalase activity in the main types and subtypes of soils of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus during contamination with heavy metals (TM) and oil. Oil and TM (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb) were chosen as pollutants, it was they that largely contaminated soils in southern Russia. Catalase activity was determined by Galstyan 30 days after contamination. As a result of the model experiments, it was found that soil contamination with TM and oil, as a rule, reduces the activity of soil catalase of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. By the degree of negative influence on the soil catalase activity of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, TM oxides form the following series: Cr > Cu ≥ Pb ≥ Ni. Soil rows of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus were obtained in terms of the degree of decrease in catalase activity during TM pollution (soils are located as their stability decreases): yellow soil ≥ sod-carbonate typical ≥ brown typical ≥ brown carbonate = sod-carbonate leached ≥ brown forest acidic ≥ brown leached ≥ brown forest acidic, and when contaminated with oil: brown carbonate  > brown typical > sod-carbonate leached > brown forest acidic dormant ≥ sod-carbonate typical ≥ yellowish ≥ brown forest acidic.

Усилия по сохранению естественной среды обитания и среды обитания человека посредством сохранения окружающей среды, направленные на изменение их показателей, всегда предпринимались на протяжении многих лет. Целью данного исследования является количественная оценка изменений показателей экосистемы в районе Кон Куонг, провинция Нгеан, Вьетнам, с 2000 по 2015 гг. В этой области исследований также есть национальный парк Пу Мат, где богато биоразнообразие среды обитания, видов, генов, а также экосистем. В этой статье семь индикаторов измеряются с помощью программного обеспечения ГИС и Fragstats, в том числе индекс разнообразия Шеннона (SHDI), индекс разнообразия Симпсона (SIDI), количество патчей (NP), плотность патчей (PD), процент подобных смежностей (PLADJ), индекс перемежения и сопоставления (IJI) и плотность края (ED). Значение для каждого индикатора будет присвоено для каждого наблюдения, чтобы отразить характер экосистемы. Они будут сравниваться друг с другом и учитываться изменения в экосистемах лесных, сельскохозяйственных, искусственных и других. Метод тематических наложений и переходных матриц также использовался для точной идентификации изменений экосистемы, произошедших за рассматриваемый период. В результате было получено подробное объяснение и картирование динамики экосистемы. Эта работа может быть воспроизведена и превратилась в методологическую фазу, чтобы показать индикацию экосистемы, потому что она добавляет эталонное значение для изучения различий в характеристиках экосистемы. Результаты показывают, что различие в окружающей среде в основном связано с уменьшением естественности и увеличением сложности сельскохозяйственных экосистем и роста городов.

In recent time had increased the extremely negative human influence on green spaces in the urban environment.  Impact of anthropogenic pollution leads to changes in the appearance of plants and morphometric parameters. The most sensitive and informative organ of plants is a leaf, it reflects the negative impact of the environment. The article considers the influence of the urban environment (areas with high traffic load) on the change in the morphological parameters of the assimilation apparatus in two types of plants of the genus Quercus L., they are often used in landscaping of Kaliningrad city. The purpose of the research is – studying some morphometric parameters of the assimilation apparatus in two types of plants as the genus Quercus: robur  L. and rubra L. in conditions of urbanized environment (on the example of Kaliningrad city). Quercus robur L. local species, Q. rubra L. Invasive plant, introduced to culture (East Prussia) in the late 19th century. In the research were used different methods such as: general scientific methods (observation, description, measurement, analysis, generalization) and special methods of bioecological research (anatomical and morphological, statistical). The vital state of plants has been studied, fluctuating asymmetry of leaves, morphometric parametres of the assimilation apparatus (the value of annual growth, the size of the leaf blade, the number of stomatous per unit area and parameters of the stomatous apparatus ). Some of morphometric parameters of the assimilation apparatus Q. robur L. и Q. rubra L. in the conditions of urban environment, indicate an increase in xeromorphism, others point to its weaking. Both the increase and decrease in xeromorphism indicators in these species should be considered as adaptive responses of plants to negative factors of environmental pollution.

The studies were carried out within the framework of a project to determine the value of the Starikovsky site of the State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Rostovsky" and a possible change in the composition of the vegetation cover, in connection with which a re-inventory of its flora was required. Under the conditions of a strict reserve regime and intensified drought, global changes in the floristic composition took place - some species disappeared and others appeared. Some of the views have been redefined. New species have also been identified, including 49 for the territory of the Starikovsky site. As a result of the research carried out, a re-inventory of the flora of the Starikovsky site was carried out and a new annotated list was compiled, including 312 species of higher vascular plants. The main attention was paid to the species of vascular plants listed in the Red Data Books of the Russian Federation and the Rostov Region, of which there are 14: 7 species of wild higher vascular plants included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation were registered: Stipa pulcherrima C. Koch, S. zalesskii Wilenskiy,  Tulipa schrenkii Regel, Iris pumila L., Calophaca wolgarica (L.fil.) Fisch. ex DC., Eriosynaphe longifolia (Fisch. ex Spreng.) DC. and Bellevalia sarmatica (Georgi) Woronow; 7 more species listed only in the Red Data Book of the Rostov Region: Stipa sareptana A.Beck., S. ucrainica P.Smirn., Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski, Tulipa biflora Pall., Crambe tataria Sebeok, Astragalus physodes L., and also A. calycinus Bieb. – var. multiflorus Novopokr., which differs from the Caucasian species in its reddish calyx at the top, longer peduncles and multi-flowered inflorescences with smaller flowers. It should also be noted that an abundant growth of lichens was noted in the Starikovsky site, including Cladonia convoluta (Lam.) Cout., Neofuscelia pulla (Ach.) Essl. and Cetraria steppae (Savicz) Kärnefelt, listed in the Red Data Book of the region.

Biological characteristics of the carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 in the South-Eastern part of the Taganrog Bay and the Don. Biological characteristics of the carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 in the South-Eastern part of the Taganrog Bay and the Don. Guskov Gleb E.1, Guskova Olga S.2 1 Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science "Federal Research Centre The Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of The Sciences" (SSC RAS), Rostov-on-don, Russia; gleb_guskov@mail.ru 2 The Azov-Black Sea Branch of Russian Federal “Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography” (“AzNIIRKH”). Rostov-on-don, Russia.   Annotation: Over the past 50-70 years, significant changes in the hydrological and meteorological conditions have occurred in the Azov-Don basin. As a result of anthropogenic impact on the river flow of the river As well as due to climate change, the natural spawning grounds of a number of fish species, including valuable commercial ones, have significantly decreased. Intensive fishing in the past years has led to a significant reduction in the ichthyofauna of this basin. The object of our study is the wild carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758. This is one of the most valuable commercial fish species in the Don river basin, which requires control over the state and distribution of its population. Taxon was quite common for the f the Don basin. In the mid-90's, about 3-5 tons of wild carp were caught annually in the course of fishing in the Don and areas. However, over the past decade, the number of wild carp has declined sharply. This paper analyzes the General state of the studied population in the Azov-don basin. To assess the biological characteristics of wild carp, ichthyological control catches were carried out in the waters of the Taganrog Bay and its near-Delta part, in the Don. To interpret our results and to get a complete picture of the state of the carp population, we analyzed literature sources covering the subject under study, as well as survey data of Amateur fishermen in the study area. The source and reasons for the introduction of carp — a domesticated form of carp-into the river and Bay are described. Genetic contamination of wild carp in the lower river Don and Taganrog Bay is suggested.

Pollutants are an important factor leading to glacier degradation. Black carbon is one of the substances contributing most to the thawing of snow and ice cover. It results from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, emissions of diesel engines for transport and industrial purposes, as well as forest fires and burning of agricultural waste. Sedimenting on the cover of glaciers, black carbon reduces the albedo of the surface, which in turn leads to their heating and further thawing. This is extremely important for mountain areas. This review considers the current modern effects of pollutants, including black carbon, on the degradation of glaciers in mountain regions, on the example of the Central Caucasus. The work shows that the mountain glaciers of the Central Caucasus are gradually, although unevenly melting and the cause is not only global warming, but also pollutants settling on their surface. The transport routes and sources of glacier pollution are shown. Air masses from the Middle East, Eastern and Southern Europe, as well as northern Africa, have been identified as the main sources of pollutants in the Central Caucasus. The only paper on black carbon in the Central Caucasus states that in the first half of the 20th century, anthropogenic emissions from Europe led to a 1.5-fold increase in black carbon concentrations on Elbrus. Forest fires and agricultural waste incineration are also shown to be the main regional sources of black carbon in the North Caucasus. Industrial production in the North Caucasus is poorly developed and does not contribute significantly to black carbon emissions and thus the deglacification of Central Caucasus glaciers.  

As a result of the analysis of the sites of the Botanical gardens of the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation, a number of problems have been clearly discovered that no individual Botanical garden can currently cope with. It is proposed to discuss this article and develop a draft law on Botanical gardens. The necessity of developing a draft law on botanical gardens is substantiated.  

In the nineteenth century, V. V. Dokuchaev argued that soils are formed according to the action of 5 factors of soil formation. In the 21st century, the sixth factor, anthropogenic impact, is increasingly manifesting itself. In places of mining, anthropogenesis manifests itself to the highest degree. It will never be possible to restore the original appearance of the territory, since according to the laws of genetic soil science, if at least one soil formation factor is changed, soils will be different. Morphological properties, as the most indicative, give an idea of the quality of soils formed in landscapes exposed to the sixth factor of soil formation. The article reflects the features of the formation of soil cover, which morphologically differs sharply from background soils - leached chernozems. Embryozems of anthropogenic landscapes of the Gorlovsky coal basin should be considered as azonal soil formations. The azonality of embryozems leads to the emergence of new ecological systems with a number of distinctive features from zonal ones, the main of which is the formation of soils with a small set of soil functions. As a result of the study, an unsatisfactory soil and ecological assessment of the territory that underwent anthropogenesis is given, because after 35 years from the initial phase of anthropogenesis, embryozems of the primary stages of soil formation are determined in the soil cover - initial and organo-accumulative and there are no embryozems of the late stages of soil formation - soddy, the more humus-accumulative. Trends in the direction of soil development in a disturbed ecosystem are determined: the formation of azonal dry-steppe soils and various subtypes of organo-accumulative embryozems is assumed as part of the soil cover. Ways are suggested to restore the landscape transformed by man, namely, to form technozems with a high set of soil and environmental functions.  

The article presents the results of research to determine the influence of different methods of basic soil treatment and the predecessor of winter wheat on the water quality of ordinary chernozems and productivity in conditions of erosion-dangerous slope. It was found that the use of chisel as the main soil treatment had a positive effect on the structure of erosion-dangerous black earth soils, increasing not only the water strength of aggregates, but also the water strength coefficient, which contributed to an increase in soil resistance to water erosion. The highest coefficient of soil water quality was observed when chiseling pure steam from the precursor. When sowing, it was 3.71, during the renewal of the spring growing season it increased to 4.26, and when harvesting, it increased to 4.65. The highest yield of winter wheat of 3.99 t / ha was formed with the chisel method of soil treatment according to the precursor pure steam.  

The aim of the research was to study the diagnostic features of the meadow-brown soils (irrigated meadow-brown merged, meadow-brown cultivated, meadow-brown carbonate) of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus and give the name to these soils in accordance with the International Classification Soils on the Reference Base (WRB) in 2015. The objects of research are meadow-brown soils of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus. Field experiments and analyzes on soil samples were carried out by standard methods. The paper deals with the main features of meadow-brown soils of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, their distribution, relief, climate, vegetation, morphological description, basic genetic signs (content of humus, exchange nitrogen, ratio of C:N, pH, cation exchange capacity, granulometric composition) and soil classification. For the first time, an attempt was made to give the name meadow-brown soils (irrigated meadow-brown merged, meadow-brown carbonate) according to the international classification of soils based on the Reference Base (WRB). With the different principal and supplementary qualifiers all soils were classified as Cambisols.  

Environmental pollution and waste recycling remain a precarious problem of our time. One of the best approaches in solving it is biodegradation - the most natural and environmentally friendly way of destroying the waste of civilization. The presented article aims in presenting our biosphere as a territory under a reliable and vigilant protection of destructive microbes, which savor on the most toxic wastes, while highlighting the possibilities of biodegradation.  

Eng. Marine mammals of the Russian part of the Black Sea: conservation status and observations on them in the trawl fisheries for pelagic fish speciesBarabashin Timofey O. 1,2, lyganovskaya  Vlada D.21Azov-Black Sea branch of the VNIRO (“AzNIIRKH”), Rostov-on-Don, Russia2Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, RussiaDOI:10.18522/2308-9709-2022-42-5AbstractMarine mammals are an important component of the Black Sea ecosystem. After a period of their fishing, the number of this group of animals has significantly decreased and now the populations of cetaceans are under pressure from various negative factors. An analysis of international conventions for the protection of marine mammals, Red Data Books of various ranks and rarity categories of all species of dolphins and harbor porpoises (azovka) is given. Observations of marine mammals in the pelagic fishery - sprat and anchovy were carried out from fishing vessels by observers of the Azovo-Chernomorsky branch of the FGBNU "VNIRO" along the coast of Crimea and the Caucasus in 2021-22. An analysis of the general seasonal dynamics of the occurrence of cetaceans, the occurrence of hamsya and sprat on the fishing grounds is given, as well as comparative estimates of marine mammals by year are given. The features of the geographical distribution of certain species, the frequency of encounters during trawling are also given. According to studies, the frequency of occurrence in the fishery in the winter-spring period generally reflects the general estimates of the number of marine mammals: the common dolphin predominates, slightly lower than the value of all the main indicators for Azovka, and the bottlenose dolphin is the rarest species. During the summer season 2021 indicates the predominance of bottlenose dolphins due to the discovery of a large concentration of these dolphins in the region of Sudak and Alushta. On the whole, there is a decrease in the occurrence of marine mammals in the sprat fishery in summer, compared with the winter-spring season of anchovy. There was also a decrease in the occurrence of white flanks and azovok in 2022. compared to 2021, which could be the result of an epizootic.