1.5.15. Экология

The article provides original data on the gross concentration of mercury in typical soils of steppe and forest-steppe regions of the north-west of the Altai Region. The average content of the element for all studied soils is at the level of the indicator for the soils of the Earth and can be used in geoecological and geochemical studies as background. Features of the distribution of mercury concentrations in soil profiles were revealed depending on the particle size distribution, pH value, electrical conductivity and magnetic susceptibility. In the studied soils, the mercury content in the near-surface part (10-15 cm) of the profile increases with a decrease in the soil fraction. Throughout the entire depth of the soil column, the maximum Hg concentrations occur in the finest fraction (coarse dust). Mercury content decreases with increasing electrical conductivity and under more alkaline conditions. An increase in the proportion of sand in the soil composition reduces the magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity of the soil extract. As the magnetic susceptibility increases, the concentrations of the element increase. The mercury content in profiles is associated with the presence of clay particles and increases with a shift in the reaction of soil extract towards oxidation. The forms of mercury in soil profiles have been determined: the largest share of the element is in forms that evaporate in the temperature range of 170-4000C, i.e. highly volatile low molecular weight organomercury compounds, HgCH3, Hg(CH3)2, HgCl2, alkyl radicals HgS, aryl radicals, and also as part of organocomplexes. These forms are the most accessible and toxic for living organisms; the proportion of inaccessible and inert forms is minimal. Low-temperature mercury compounds prevail in the surface component of all studied soils. With depth, the ratio of forms changes towards an increase in the proportion of the element associated with organic matter, as well as chemically sorbed.

Based on the results of laboratory modeling of contamination of ordinary chernozem with antibiotics (oxytetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, tylosin) in concentrations of 1, 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg of soil, ecologically safe concentrations of antibiotics in ordinary chernozem were developed according to the degree of disturbance of its ecosystem (biogeocenotic) functions on the basis of analysis of changes in the integral indicator of biological state of soils (IIBS). The indices of total bacterial abundance, abundance of Azotobacter bacteria, activity of enzymes of oxidoreductase class (catalase, dehydrogenases), hydrolases (invertase), radish root length. Based on the results of the analysis of biological indicators, regression equations characterizing the relationship between IPBS and antibiotic content in soil were constructed. With their help, the concentrations of antibiotics leading to the violation of ecosystem (biogeocenotic) functions were calculated. Based on the obtained data, a scheme of regional ecological rationing of antibiotic contamination of ordinary chernozem is proposed. Ecologically safe concentrations of oxytetracycline in common chernozem are 0.33 mg/kg, ampicillin 0.37 mg/kg, streptomycin 0.75 mg/kg, tylosin 0.54 mg/kg.

Air pollution occurs not only as a result of man-made processes, but also natural phenomena play an important role here. Mass flowering plants saturate the air with small particles that cause serious health problems in people prone to allergic reactions. All over the world there is a constant increase in the number of allergic pathologies. For 2022, according to the World Health Organization, up to 35% of the population suffers from allergies, in Russia, according to epidemiological studies conducted at the State Research Center for Immunology Institute of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, the incidence fluctuations in the regions range from 17.5 to 30%. For 2020, according to the Federal sociological survey, the Volgograd region was in 6th place in terms of the incidence of allergies among 20 large regions of Russia. Pollen allergies predominantly affect people between the ages of 10 and 30. A special risk group is made up of people whose professional activities are associated with constant contact with active plant allergens. Based on a survey of university students in natural science areas of training, it was found that 90% of students are constantly in contact with plant allergens as part of the educational process. Most of the respondents (65%) have allergic diseases, the most common type of allergen is plant pollen (in 53.80% of cases). Studied are the lifestyle factors of students that can affect the development of an allergic reaction: smoking, drinking alcohol, unbalanced nutrition, active outdoor sports. A list of plants that are characteristic allergens for the conditions of the Lower Volga region is presented on the example of the Volgograd region. A number of measures are proposed, aimed primarily at reducing the impact of plant allergens on students in the natural science areas of university training, including measures to organize the educational process.

The territory of the estuary area of the Don River and the coast of the Taganrog Bay is characterized by extremely favorable natural conditions and is unique in its productivity. In addition, the coast of the Taganrog Bay of the Azov Sea is an important recreational resource of the Rostov Region, the role of which is increasing every year. However, at present, this territory is subject to active technogenic pressure. One of the main pollutants of the territory under consideration are heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Studies have been carried out to identify the resistance of natural populations of hydrophilic species of vegetation of the genus Typha L. to chemical pollutants in the coastal zone of the Don River Delta. Structural changes were found at the morphological and anatomical level in the generative and aboveground vegetation organs. When comparing the adaptive potentials of two species of cattails to chemical soil pollution, a greater resistance of Laxmann's cattail (Typha laxmannii Lepech) was noted.

The paper continues a series of research articles devoted to the description of the taxonomic diversity and cataloging of animals presented in the collections of the Zoological Museum of Southern Federal University. The paper provides an annotated catalog of Hesperiidae, containing information on 16 species from 9 genera in four tribes and three subfamilies. The Subfamilia Hesperiinae is represented by 5 species: Hesperia comma, Ochlodes sylvanus, O. venata, Thymelicus lineola, T. sylvestris. The Subfamilia Heteropterinae is represented by 2 species: Heteropterus Morpheus, Carterocephalus palaemon. The Subfamilia Pyrginae is represented by 9 species: Carcharodus alceae, C. lavatherae, Muschampia tessellum, Erynnis tages, Pyrgus alveus, P. armoricanus, P. malvae, P. serratulae, P. sidae. The collection of Hesperiidae of the Department of Zoology includes species from the Russian Federation, the Republic of Abkhazia and Ukraine. The catalog is accompanied by color tables with images of representatives of each specified species. The generalized data on the contents of the collection can serve to assess the biological diversity and the state of natural communities in the regions where the specimens recorded in the catalog were collected.

The paper presents the first part of the catalog of the ant’s collection (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), stored in the fund of the Zoological Museum of the Southern Federal University. Data on 67 species from 22 genera and 4 subfamilies are given.

We studied self-overgrowing logging areas of different age and degree of degradation in the middle mountains of the Northwestern Caucasus on rendzik. A change in the flora of the control beech-fir forest to high grass meadow and herbaceous-shrub vegetation was established. Vegetation diversity, tiering, herbage height, and projective cover of the herbaceous layer depend on the age of felling and the degree of disturbance of the soil and vegetation cover during logging. Minimal diversity and projective cover was revealed for the logging of 2 years age. Diversity of flora at the sites of medium and severe disturbance of 10-year old logging decreases by 20% relative to the control site. On the peripheral area of weak disturbance grass-bush vegetation with increased flora diversity by 17 % is formed.

Abstract In the Russian crop production winter and spring wheat occupy a leading position in the structure of grain crop areas. More than 70% of grain crops are heavily and moderately clogged, so the need for weed control is obvious. The study of the floral diversity of segetal vegetation is a prerequisite for assessing the state of agrocenoses and measures to protect them Satya is devoted to an urgent problem-the description of the floral composition of the segetal vegetation of the agrocenoses of winter wheat and spring barley of the Northern Azov region. The article analyzes the floristic diversity of the segetal vegetation of the agrocenoses of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) of the Northern Azov region. Taxonomic and biomorphological analyses are given. Classification of life forms of segetal vegetation according to I.G.Serebryakov and K. Raunkier was carried out. The research was carried out on winter wheat and spring barley crops within the Myasnikovsky, Neklinovsky and Aksai districts of the Rostov region. In total, 1106 geobotanical descriptions were performed (1082 descriptions on winter wheat agrocenoses and 24 descriptions on spring barley agrocenoses). It was revealed that despite the significant difference between the number of weed species in the agrocenoses of winter wheat and spring barley, the typological composition of the weed component is largely similar. The ratio of life forms revealed the predominance of spring annuals according to I.G. Serebryakov (38.5% for winter wheat agrocenoses and 45% for spring barley agrocenoses) and K. Raunkier terophytes in both crops (42.3% for winter wheat agrocenoses and 50% for spring barley agrocenoses).

The estuaries of the Kuban’s delta are a unique and highly productive ecosystem. This complex of reservoirs played a significant role in the formation of fish productivity of such valuable commercial species as pike-perch (Sander lucioperca) and taran’ (Rutilus heckelii). Despite a number of negative changes in the bioecological conditions in the modern period, they still retain a fairly large productive area of natural spawning grounds. In the bayous of estuaries and in the estuaries themselves, studies of juvenile pike-perch and taran’ were carried out. No juveniles of the studied fish were found in the catches of the Soloviev duct. Pike-perch was found only on the Peresypsky and Kulikovsky ducts in single copies. Taran’s juveniles were present in the catches at each station. The minimum values of length and mass were observed in juvenile rams caught in the Peresypsky duct, the maximum values were noted in the Kulikovo duct. A noticeable difference in values can be explained by the extended spawning and, accordingly, by the different-time hatching of larvae. The juveniles of the pike-perch and taran’, coming out to sea from the Azov estuaries of the Krasnodar Territory in 2021, had good length and mass indicators, indicating favorable conditions for its development. The survival rate of such juveniles in the sea is higher. The intensity of its descent during the observation period was low, which may indicate not entirely favorable conditions for the survival of juveniles in the coastal part of the sea. Since the increasing salinity of the Sea of Azov has a negative impact on the condition and slope of juvenile pike-perch and taran’. The supply of fresh water in the right time and in sufficient quantity can improve the situation, but in the current climatic situation this is unlikely.

In previous studies, we demonstrated for the first time the biodegradation of white phosphorus by the molds Aspergillus Niger. However, studying the mechanisms of resistance of the fungus to such a toxic substance is essential. There may be several such mechanisms, of which two are most likely. The cell wall of the fungus is a barrier to the penetration of white phosphorus into the cell. In such a case, an increase in cell wall thickness should be observed in response to exposure to the toxicant. The second mechanism is associated with the expression of stress genes and the production of proteins by the fungus involved in the neutralization of toxicants, including white phosphorus. The microscopic and proteomic studies carried out in the present work have shown that both resistance mechanisms take place. In addition, white phosphorus causes a general activation of metabolism, accompanied by an increase in the number of mitochondria in the cells. It was shown that white phosphorus has little effect on the ratio of living and dead cells in the colonies of fungi, i.e. resistance to it is very high.

The paper attempted to use a hyperspectral camera under controlled conditions of a laboratory experiment to obtain unique curves of seasonal dynamics of NDVI values, allowing to identify the maple species. The objects of study were samples of Acer campestre L., Acer negundo L. and Acer saccharinum L. The maple leaf was surveyed in the laboratory using a Cubert UHD-185 hyperspectral camera under artificial light. To monitor the results, the content of chlorophyll was determined by a spectrophotometric method. Studies were conducted during the growing season of maples from the phenological phase of "full leaf unfolding" to the phenological phase of "the beginning of autumn leaf coloring. It is established that the seasonal dynamics of the NDVI value is similar to the dynamics of chlorophyll a, calculated by the spectrometric method. Empirical NDVI regression lines in all three maple species are synchronous at most survey times, especially in the maximum and minimum zones. However, the difference between NDVI maple species is not as drastic as in chlorophyll a, although in most survey periods the NDVI value of A. campestre is higher than that of the other two species of maples. We assume that the NDVI signature cannot be used to separate species of the genus Acer. However, to identify genera that vary significantly in phenology, the use of NDVI signature is quite possible.

The features of the metabolic processes of transformation of the organic and mineral components of the soil are determined mainly by the complex of soil enzymes, the abundance and qualitative composition of the microbiocenosis. The activity of soil enzymes is an additional diagnostic indicator of soil fertility and its changes under anthropogenic impact. Studies of the activity of soil enzymes in various zones of the city of Sumgait - a large industrial center in which the petrochemical and oil refining industries are concentrated. The results of field studies showed that the activity of soil enzymes was not the same in different zones of the city of Sumgait. Significant differences in the catalase activity of soils of roadside and industrial zones and soils under parks have been established. With technogenic pollution, the functional activity of soil microorganisms is significantly reduced. In comparative terms, the activity of all soil enzymes is most suppressed in industrial zones, and to the least extent in park zones. The analysis shows that the technologically polluted soils of the industrial city of Sumgayit are characterized by weak stability of soil enzymes. These indicators reflect the specificity of pollutants, the degree of contamination, the nature and intensity of biological processes in soil affected by industrial impacts - industrial and transport emissions. The research results can be part of the database for an objective assessment of the soil cover of urban landscapes in Sumgait, to prevent the deterioration of their environmental functions, for the development of the scientific basis for the use of microorganisms in technologies for cleaning and increasing the fertility of urban soils.  

The aim of this work is to investigate features of physical properties of ordinary calcareous chernozems of the Rostov region. Amendments to methods for studying the soil bulk density and porosity of the investigated soils are proposed. To determine the hydrological constants, such as the capillary moisture capacity  and the full water capacity of ordinary calcareous chernozem, are proposed using the calculate-analytical method developed by I.V. Morozov. The principle of the method is based on the relationship between hydrological constants and the physical and mechanical properties of the soil.  

On the biological degradation of white phosphorus On the biological degradation of white phosphorus   1 Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry named after A.E. Arbuzov. Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Arbuzov St., 8. Kazan, 420088. Republic of Tatarstan. Russia. E-mail: mindubaev-az@yandex.ru 2 Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University. University St., 18. Kazan, 420008. Republic of Tatarstan. Russia. Abstract For the first time different taxonomic groups of microorganisms (fungi, Streptomyces and bacteria) are inoculated on culture medium containing white phosphorus as the single source of phosphorus. On these media microorganisms grew and have not experienced phosphorus starvation. It is the world's first example of the inclusion of white phosphorus in the biosphere cycle of elemental phosphorus. The highest concentration corresponds to 5000 times excess of MPC of white phosphorus in wastewater. The comparison of the sequences of ribosomal genes of the fungus, steadily metabolizing the white phosphorus, with sequences of the GenBank database, allowed us to identify this microorganism as a new strain of Aspergillus niger, to which we have assigned the number A. niger AM1. Inoculation of A. niger AM1 in medium containing just two sources of phosphorus (phosphate and white phosphorus) demonstrated that P4 does not exhibit toxic properties in relation to this microorganism. In the presence of white phosphorus it grows at the same rate as in the absence thereof. This is the only example of the lack of white phosphorus toxicity to a living organism. Our previous studies have demonstrated the absence of white phosphorus toxicity for Aspergillus niger AM1. However, the toxic properties of the substances are of different nature. It is of great interest to study the genotoxicity – a possible source of mutations. In the present work SOS-lux test has demonstrated genotoxicity of white phosphorus. This result is obtained for the first time – all the available literature sources reported no genotoxic properties of white phosphorus. Allium test showed the mitotoxic effect of white phosphorus on eukaryotic cells. A very interesting and unexpected result was the discovery of a mutant Aspergillus niger AM1. In comparison with an ancestral strain this mutant possesses an unusual morphology and grows more intensively in culture medium with white phosphorus. Three strains of A. niger, sent from the All-Russian collection of microorganisms, also showed much higher resistance to white phosphorus than bacteria. According to preliminary data, resistance to white phosphorus the A. niger is fixed in the genome.

Resource-saving elements of soybean cultivation technology on the slopes of the Rostov region Resource-saving elements of soybean cultivation technology on the slopes of the Rostov region Rychkova M.I., Gaeva E.A., Mishchenko A.V. Federal Rostov Agricultural Research Center, Rassvet. Е-mail: emmaksay@inbox.ru. Abstract. The article presents the actual results of research on the development of resource-saving elements of soybean cultivation technology, providing moisture saving, high productivity and soil protection from erosion. Two-year studies were carried out on the erosion-dangerous slope of the South-Eastern exposure of the Bolshoy Log beam, Aksai district of the Rostov region in the system of contour-landscape organization of the territory in 2017-2018. Studied two methods of primary tillage – otvalnuyu adopted for monitoring and chisel. Chisel tillage in the cultivation of soybean was performed by chisel plow. Dump processing was carried out with a plow blade. The mineral nutrition system included three backgrounds: natural fertility recommended by zonal systems and increased by half. It is established that to prevent possible erosion it is recommended to cultivate soybeans in the system of contour-band placement of fields. It is shown that the payback of the crop fertilizers on the version with the chisel treatment of the soil is higher than on the dump. Increasing the dose of fertilizer in half reduces the payback of fertilizers by 18.9-19.4 %. It is revealed that the approved soil protection (chisel) tillage can significantly reduce the erosion processes – soil flushing by 22.9%, runoff – 10.0%, the cost of fuel and lubricants-18.8%, increase the accumulation of reserves of productive moisture in the soil with a more economical expenditure, yield – by 30.2 – 32.1%, conditional net income-up to 6.6 thousand rubles /ha, profitability-by 42.1%, recoupment of direct costs yield of 1.4 rubles per ruble in comparison with the same indicators at the dump plowing.

Location on the Caucasus Potentilla multi-advisable (Potentilla multifida L.) Location on the Caucasus Potentilla multi-advisable (Potentilla multifida L.)  O.N. Demina, L.L. Rogal'  Abstract: The paper describes the Gum-Bashi Pass, which is named after the homonymous right-bank tributary of the Kuban - the Mara River. The distribution of grass vegetation on the Gum-Bashi Pass, as on the whole Rocky Caucasus Mountains, is associated with vertical zonality or altitudinal belt ecosystems. The characteristic of indigenous subalpine vegetation is given: on gentle northern slopes and plateaus of the Rocky ridge formed lush grassy meadows; Petrophytic steppes develop on the steep slopes of the southern, southeastern, and southwestern exposures. The most common types of natural forage lands on the Gum-Bashi Pass are mountain meadow communities on mountain sod-podzolic, gray and brown forest soils, and meadow-steppe communities on leached and podzolized black soil. However, the main purpose of the work is to describe a new plant species, Potentilla multifida L., which we discovered for the first time in the territory of Karachay-Cherkessia, in the Rocky Ridge system on the Gum-Bashi Pass and confirming its growth in the Caucasus. In describing this species, it is mentioned that this herbaceous perennial reaches 40 cm in height. The leaves of the plant are green above and beloiclochic below, dissected into linear lobes. The flowers are small, on thin pedicels, pale yellow. The beginning of its flowering was recorded when the species was collected. A critical summary of references to this species and an indication of the need to describe a new Caucasian form is given. In conclusion, one more time focuses on the need for this description, studying the distribution of P. multifida in the Caucasus and its phytocenotic environment. The article is illustrated with a large number of photos.

Effect of different phytohormones on Austrian sage multiplication (Salvia austriaca Jacq.) Effect of different phytohormones on Austrian sage multiplication (Salvia austriaca Jacq.) Vasilchenko Elena V., Sereda Mikhail M., Varduni Tatiana V. Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia  Abstract: The influence of phytohormones such as 6-benzylaminopurine, naphthylacetic acid and indole-3-acetic acid on the Austrian sage multiplication (Salvia austriaca Jacq.) in an in vitro culture is discussed in the paper. Austrian sage is the medicinal, essential oil, melliferous and ornamental steppe herb, included in the Red List of the Rostov region. The study was conducted in the laboratory of cellular and genomic technologies of plants of the Botanical Garden. Seeds from the collection of the Botanical Garden of the Southern Federal University were used as the primary explant. For cultivation the Murashige and Skoog medium was used. Murashige and Skoog medium without the addition of phytohormones was used as a control. Evaluation of the multiplication efficiency was carried out after 21 days. The multiplication factor was calculated as the number of new shoots. The highest multiplication factor was observed in the medium with the addition of 0.5 mg / l of 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.1 mg / l of naphthylacetic acid. This concentration of phytohormones is recommended for micropropagation of Austrian sage. The concentration of auxins (IAA and NAA) 0.3 mg/l leads to a decrease in the efficiency of Austrian sage multiplication. The height of shoot was approximately the same and no statistically significant differences were found on all tested mediums. It should be pointed out that with a greater concentration of phytohormones physiological abnormalities was observed.

Methods of soil fertility preservation on eroded slopes of Rostov region Methods of soil fertility preservation on eroded slopes of Rostov region Gaevaia Е.А. Federal Rostov Agricultural Research Center, Rassvet. Е-mail: emmaksay@inbox.ru. Abstrac: Тhe Studies were carried out in a multifactorial stationary experiment in 1991-2018 years. the Experiment is located on the slope of the beam of the Big Log of Aksai district of Rostov region. The soil of the experimental site is ordinary heavy loamy Chernozem on loess-like loam, medium-eroded. In the experiment studied two crop rotation zernopererabotki (I) and sertralineprograms (II), and three levels of organic-mineral system of fertilizers («0» – natural fertility; «1» – cattle manure 5 t + N46P24K30 and «2» – cattle manure 8 t + N84P30K48 1 hectare). The aim of the study was to study the balance of humus depending on the design of crop rotations located on the eroded slopes of the Rostov region, to identify ways to preserve soil fertility at the initial level and increase it. As a result of the research, the amount of washed soil was determined. The importance of plant residues in the accumulation of humus is shown. It is established that the intensive use of agricultural land in the Rostov region without fertilizer leads to a reduction in the humus content in the soil. The role of perennial grasses in reducing soil flushing by 35.6% was studied. It is shown that the long-term use of organic fertilizers in crop rotations at a dose of 5 tons of cattle manure and N46P24K30, as well as the introduction of 20% of perennial in the crop rotation allows to maintain a positive balance of humus at the level of (+35 kg/ha) in the grain-grass crop rotation. Increasing the dose of fertilizer to 8 tons of cattle manure and N84P30K48 contributes to the accumulation of humus up to (+100 kg/ha) in the grain crop rotation. The possibility of replacing organic fertilizers with 1-2 t/ha of wheat straw using compensatory doses of nitrogen fertilizers is shown.

To the future without poliomyelitis: the state of the epidemic, vaccination issues (review) To the future without poliomyelitis: the state of the epidemic, vaccination issues (review) Belova Olga Evgen’evna  FSRI SRC VB «Vector», Koltsovo, Novosibirsk reg., Russia  Abstract: Polio is a highly contagious viral infection that affects mainly children under five years of age, which can lead to paralysis or even death. Damage to the nervous system is manifested by fever, pain in the limbs, then peripheral irreversible paralysis. In severe cases, paralysis of the respiratory muscles can occur, which causes death. The transmission mechanism is predominantly fecal-oral. The only way to combat polio remains vaccination. The vaccine provides the development of long-term humoral and local immunity. The purpose of this work is to analyze the epidemiological situation of poliomyelitis in the world 31 years after the adoption of the Global Polio Eradication Program, and to compare the characteristics of live and inactivated polio vaccines. Issues related to the use of live oral polio vaccine and the need for its phased withdrawal from circulation, the problem of vaccine-related polioviruses and vaccine-associated paralytic polio are considered. Describes ongoing research into the development of new safe and effective polio vaccines; approaches to the development of new IPV to reduce costs, increase coverage and reduce the risks of using live polioviruses in vaccine production; new technologies for the delivery and administration of IPV; clinical studies of new vaccines and vaccination schedules. The main objectives of the strategy to complete the eradication of poliomyelitis for 2019-2023 are discussed: eradication, integration, certification and containment.

The ameliorative condition of the soil spread around the Kattakurgan reservoir and its changes The ameliorative condition of the soil spread around the Kattakurgan reservoir and its changes Abdullaev S.A.1, Jabbarov Z.A.1, Tursunulova A.1, Okolelova A.A.2, Kholdorov Sh.M.3 1National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, zafarjonjabbarov@gmail.com 2Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd, Russia, allaokol@mail.ru 3Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology – TUAT, Tokyo, Japan, sh.m.xoldorov@gmail.com Abstract: Changes in the physicomechanical properties and ameliorative state of the soil were studied using the Kattakurgan reservoir as an example; the degree of fossil, the density of irrigated lands, the dynamics of the groundwater level by years, the ameliorative state and the location of salts by layers were studied. According to the results, the indicator of soils with an inadequate ameliorative state increased from 4.22% to 5.58%. It was justified that the level of groundwater salinity is mainly between 0-1 g / l and 1-3 g / l. It is scientifically substantiated that the main effect of the Kattakurgan reservoir on soils is formed by the accumulation of salts, the effect on the physicomechanical properties is relatively small.