03.02.02 Вирусология

To the future without poliomyelitis: the state of the epidemic, vaccination issues (review) To the future without poliomyelitis: the state of the epidemic, vaccination issues (review) Belova Olga Evgen’evna  FSRI SRC VB «Vector», Koltsovo, Novosibirsk reg., Russia  Abstract: Polio is a highly contagious viral infection that affects mainly children under five years of age, which can lead to paralysis or even death. Damage to the nervous system is manifested by fever, pain in the limbs, then peripheral irreversible paralysis. In severe cases, paralysis of the respiratory muscles can occur, which causes death. The transmission mechanism is predominantly fecal-oral. The only way to combat polio remains vaccination. The vaccine provides the development of long-term humoral and local immunity. The purpose of this work is to analyze the epidemiological situation of poliomyelitis in the world 31 years after the adoption of the Global Polio Eradication Program, and to compare the characteristics of live and inactivated polio vaccines. Issues related to the use of live oral polio vaccine and the need for its phased withdrawal from circulation, the problem of vaccine-related polioviruses and vaccine-associated paralytic polio are considered. Describes ongoing research into the development of new safe and effective polio vaccines; approaches to the development of new IPV to reduce costs, increase coverage and reduce the risks of using live polioviruses in vaccine production; new technologies for the delivery and administration of IPV; clinical studies of new vaccines and vaccination schedules. The main objectives of the strategy to complete the eradication of poliomyelitis for 2019-2023 are discussed: eradication, integration, certification and containment.

To the future without poliomyelitis: the state of the epidemic, vaccination issues (review) Belova Olga Evgenevna FBRI SRC VB «Vector», Koltsovo, Novosibirsk reg., Russia   Abstract:  Polio is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It invades the nervous system, and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours. Among those paralysed, 5% to 10% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized.The review analyzes the epidemiological situation of poliomyelitis in the world, describes the progress and risks associated with vaccine-derived polioviruses, the existing immunization tactics and the prospects for creating new safe and effective vaccines - genetically stable oral polio vaccine and available inactivated polio vaccine, innovative vaccine delivery and administration technologies, Studies conducted in this direction. The importance of detecting and terminating transmission of poliovirus, improving epidemiological surveillance and response to outbreaks, planning for efforts to ensure a poliomyelitis-free world after poliovirus elimination, including poliovirus containers, population protection, detection and response to sudden, recurrent outbreaks of poliomyelitis, is underlined.  

Poliomyelitis: on the way to eradication In the pre-vaccine era, poliovirus was the main cause of disability in children. Today, the endemic transmission of poliovirus occurs in some areas of only three countries - Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria, the number of polio cases has declined by more than 99 %. Of the three strains of wild poliovirus, only Type 1 continues to be detected. But the risks associated with unprotected low-level transmissions remain, which threatens the return of poliomyelitis epidemics in these countries and the spread of the virus to other countries in which poliomyelitis has been eradicated.The aim of this work is to analyze the state of the epidemic of poliomyelitis in Russia and in the world, the progress made in interrupting transmission of poliovirus and preventing outbreaks of circulating poliovirus vaccine origin (cVDPV); a review of the existing poliomyelitis vaccines and researches in this area (including the development of vaccines that do not contain live virus), vaccination problems in the final phase of elimination.The article highlights the importance of monitoring the maintenance of immunization coverage rates for children in decreed ages, the detection of type 2 polioviruses (wild, vaccine-bearing or vaccine-derived (Sabin strain) after a global transition from trivalent oral polio vaccine to bivalent OPV, discontinuation of oral poliomyelitis vaccine to eliminate rare long-term risks of the appearance of cVDPV and other measures to prevent the occurrence of cases of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis; a growing role for the environmental surveillance system; the need to continue fundamental research on poliovirus as a model system of other similar viruses that pose a threat to health.    

Poliomyelitis: the state of the epidemic and prospects Key facts. Overview of the global epidemic and the epidemic in Russia, retaliatory measures. The tools available to date for polio eradication. Polio vaccination: past, present and future.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of rotavirus infection  infants This paper deals with epidemiological analysis of rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants in the first year of life and the study of nosocomial spread of diseases among them in the hospital. Shown widespread rotavirus gastroenteritis among children first month of life, the possibility of a wide nosocomial rotavirus infection children. The results obtained allowed for more effective prevention and control measures in the foci of infection.

Features reovirus RNA isolation from clinical material S. A. Kolpakov, E. P. Kolpakova. Key objective of the given research is to find out reasons of failures during extraction of the RNK reoviruse from sick people clinical material. In due course it was discovered that transcriptase (RNA dependent RNA polymerase) very quickly transforms double-stranded RNA into a single-stranded RNA due to short time of activation after violation of reoviruse outside capsid integrity. This single-stranded RNA is invisible using standard way of electrophoresis registration. Addition of a transcriptase with polymerase function in ready-made samples or in clinical material from sick people before RNA extraction leads to transformation of a single-stranded RNA (if available) into a dsRNA identified after electrophoresis in the form of genome’s segments. The developed RNA visualisation method could assist in etiological diagnostics of reoviral infection and in studying of reovirus as a pathogen.

New group of human rotaviruses, the family Reoviridae S. A. Kolpakov, E. P. Kolpakova. Key objective of the given research is to find out reasons of failures during extraction of the RNK reoviruse from sick people clinical material. In due course it was discovered that transcriptase (RNA dependent RNA polymerase) very quickly transforms double-stranded RNA into a single-stranded RNA due to short time of activation after violation of reoviruse outside capsid integrity. This single-stranded RNA is invisible using standard way of electrophoresis registration. Addition of a transcriptase with polymerase function in ready-made samples or in clinical material from sick people before RNA extraction leads to transformation of a single-stranded RNA (if available) into a dsRNA identified after electrophoresis in the form of genome’s segments. The developed RNA visualisation method could assist in etiological diagnostics of reoviral infection and in studying of reovirus as a pathogen.

Viral safety of blood products Grehirchak Nataliya Nykolayvna, Lych Inna Valentynovna The article deals with issue of ensuring viral safety of blood products. We defined responsibility and rightness of using method of polymerase chain reaction during production of blood specimen, appraised the quality of products for their promotion. The definition of contamination materials (plasma and precipitations), intermediate metabolite was carried out by method of PRC on the content of nucleic acid parvovirus B19, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus in order to confirm the possibility of using abovementioned methods for quality assurance of blood components.

Assessing the current state of the epidemic spread of HIV infection in the city of Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk region The purpose of this study is to evaluate the epidemic situation in the incidence of HIV infection in the city of Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk region, to identify the main features and trends in the epidemic. The epidemiology of HIV infection in Magnitogorsk is a high intensity spread of the disease among the population with signs of generalization. Identified the following unfavorable trends in the spread of HIV infection: active involvement in the epidemic of female and age of the population; increase the spread of HIV among drug users and patients with infections, sexually transmitted infections; increase in the number of patients with clinically advanced stages of HIV infection; increase the hidden sources of HIV infection; high mortality rate among patients with HIV infection associated with tuberculosis.

Effects of viral infection on the protein composition of the thylakoid membrane of tomato, pepper and cucumber Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Tomato mosaic virus (TMV) causing viral diseases in many important plants worldwide. Thylakoid membranes were isolated from chloroplasts of infected plants (cucumber, pepper and tomato) and analyzed the protein composition by electrophoresis on PAGE gradient gel (10–25%). The gradient electrophoresis of thylakoid membrane proteins of virus-infected plants was analyzed pepper and tomato plants infected with TMV virus and cucumber plant infected with CMV virus revealed that the content of polypeptide in the 47, 33, 29–24 and 17–15 kDa comprising the submolecular complex of photosystem II complex and oxygen evolving complex significantly reduced compared with uninfected plants that may be associated with structural abnormalities in the complex PS II.

Virology Today: Integration of D. I. Ivanovslii’s Ideas into the Methodology of Science In his research on the tobacco mosaic virus D. I. Ivanovskii has introduced a new type of causative agent of an infectious desease and a new form of life. In this way he has layed the basis of a ne field of science, virology. Its structure of knowledge and the logics of development caused formation of new scientific areas that go beyond the scope of natural science. The cognitive model of virology as science has become the prototype of computer virology and has influenced the development of communication theory.

Food product as a source of viral infections The main routes of transmission of viruses that can enter the body through infected food were considered. It has been shown that viruses are resistant to adverse environmental conditions and may be stored for several months in food and environment. Common sources, which can accumulate enteroviruses, Coxsackie B5 virus, hog cholera virus (HCV), African Swine Fever virus (ASFV), FMD virus, poliovirus, rotavirus and echovirus are described.

The epidemiological situation of West Nile fever in Volgograd region West Nile virus for the Volgograd region is the most important arbovirus infection. The observed decrease in the incidence of WNV from 2001 to 2006, in 2008 and 2009 years, reducing the number of severe disease is only indicative of a temporary regression of the epidemic process in the Volgograd region. In the Volgograd region there are prerequisites and precursors complications epidemiology of West Nile fever. The purpose held in the Volgograd region surveillance in West Nile is to provide the information necessary and sufficient for the analysis of the epidemiological situation, as well as to determine the direction of policy and action in public health management decisions.

Molecular detection of baculoviruses of beet webworm from the collection of All-Russian Institute for Plant Protection Two isolates of baculoviruses from beet webworm Loxostege sticticalis (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) deposited in the collection of entomopathogenic organisms as a granulovirus (GVLS-85) and a nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPVLS-90) have been subjected to genotyping using degenerate primers L8F2:L8R2 flanking a conservative region of late elongation factor gene lef8. Both isolates, tested independently to avoid sample cross-contamination, were found to belong to a single molecular haplotype. This haplotype is unique, showing maximum sequence similarity of 73% to Pieris rapae granulovirus (Genbank accession number JX968491) and other granuloviruses. No significant similarity to available sequences of nucleopolyhedroviruses have been found.

Detection, identification and quantitation of bocavirus among children with acute respiratory viral infections and gastroenteritises in Moscow Human bocavirus (HBoV)) causes acute respiratory virus infections and gastroenteritises in humans throughout the world. HBoV DNA detection and identification among children with respiratory infections in Moscow during 2005–2010 by means of reverse transcription with subsequent real time PCR with fluorescent probes showed the long-term average frequency 14, 5 ± 0, 7% for 2, 395 nasopharyngeal lavages (variations in a rang from 13, 5% до 17, 0%). One should note seasonal activity of the HBoV circulation during a year with 2 peaks in autumn-winter and early spring. Among infants and toddlers less than 1 year old the HBoV was associated with other respiratory viruses, whereas for children 2–7 years old the bocaviral monoinfection was prevailed. Gastroenteritises were diagnozed in 34, 3 ± 3, 7% clinical cases. The HBoV viral loads in 40, 5% samples were more than 105 genome-equivalents per 1 ml for the first days postinfection, whereas for mixed respiratory infections and for children with the HBoV monoinfection were less 103 genome-equivalents per 1 ml.

Studying cyto-anatomical changes in tissues of virus infected Solanum tuberosum and Nicotiana tabacum plants Virus impacts on affected by them potato plants appear in stunting, the plant cells deformation and changing their structure. In virus-affected potato tubers, reduces quantity and size of starch grains. Obtained virus-containing callus from the test-plants consist of elongated and malformed cells containing amorphous inclusions.

Analysis of the tick-borne encephalitis virus coding sequences We have conducted an analysis of tick-born encephalitis virus (TBEV) coding sequences that are available via international data bank (GenBank). Upon comparison of polyprotein structures of 113 TBEV strains from various sites from Europe and Asia we have detected genotype-specific combinations of aminoacid substitutions. It was shown that strains Buzuuchuk from Kyrgyzstan and 178–79 from Russia (Eastern Siberia) have unique genomic structures.

Orthobuniaviruses as main factor for emergency diseases This analytical paper deals with the systematic and taxonomy of orthobuniaviruses, small developed dangerous and new viruses Akabane, Aino, Schmallenberg, Cache Valley diseases, Oropouche fever, Iquitos. The significance of reassortment mechanism of their origin and diversification are discussed.

Spreading of virus diseases of fruit-trees and small fruit cultures and modern techniques for their sanitation The spreading of different viruses on varieties and rootstocks of pome fruit trees, stone fruit plants, and small fruit cultures has been studied. It was established that efficiency of sanitation technique from viruses depended on culture, virus species and therapy method. The best results for obtaining virus free material were achieved by means of complex application of in vitro chemotherapy and magnetotherapy.

Preservation of infectious activity of industrial strains of rabies virus stored at different temperatures The dependence of specific infectious activity on the cell culture model of rabies virus industrial (fixed) strains L. Pasteur and CVS from the duration and storage temperature was investigated. Viral suspension was produced by cell culture BHK-21 / C13 and frozen at -20 and -80°C. Analysis of the specific activity was performed after 1 week, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months of storage. It was experimentally discovered that the temperature -80°C is more effective for long-term storage for the studied strains.