06.01.01 Общее земледелие

Modern problems of natural and technogenic pollution of the environment (review) One of global problems of the present is pollution of the land area and water ecosystems by harmful ingredients. Scales of ecological consequences of environmental pollution steadily grow and consequences can be catastrophic. The number of natural and technogenic catastrophes has grown for the last 100 years by 20 times. Glaciers are intensively thaw in the Arctic and Antarctic . For the last 50 years temperature in the southwest of Antarctic has grown by 2,5 °C. Among natural sources of pollution the leading place is taken by volcanoes (520 acting from 1300), 250 thousand people have died from a tsunami in the Indian Ocean in 2004, because of accident on the NPP in Fukushima (Japan) in 2011 15,5 thousand people have died. Annually in the world there are more than 200 thousand fires, in Russia their quantity has grown from 2000 to 2009 from 9 to 22%. The huge contribution in environmental pollution is brought by the enterprises, motor transport, agriculture (mineral fertilizers, pesticides, etc.). In 31 countries 192 NPPs (more than 450 power units) work, 80-90% of waste of nuclear fuel production are stored locally around nuclear power plants, and then taken out on burial in the mines located in Russia in the Urals and in the USA – in 180 km from Las Vegas. The special danger is caused by nuclear weapon and nuclear waste, space debris, solid and liquid household waste. In the Baltic Sea over 300 thousand tons of the chemical warfare agents (CWA) are buried, in the Kara Sea 17 thousand containers with radioactive waste, 16 nuclear reactors, 5 atomic submarines, etc. are based. Plastic waste has polluted the rivers, the seas and oceans. From 1901 to 2007 in the world there were 1125 largest industrial accidents, more than 6 billion tons of mineral fertilizers, 8,3 billion tons of plastic are made and applied. Studying of diverse influence of anthropogenic factors on the environment is one of the most important current issues. An ultimate goal of such research – protection and improvement of the habitat of the person.  

Methodical principles for determining the bulk density of chernozem Morozov Igor V., Vareldzhan Diana E., Borovikova Yana V., Kolesnikova Nadezhda A. Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; migovad@sfedu.ru Abstract: Bulk density of soils is a fundamental physical value, wich is used in soil science to assess the relationship between solid, liquid and gaseous phases of the soil, to calculation of the total and differential porosity, stocks of substance, estimation of the degree of addition, and other agrophysical characteristic.The purpose of the research is designing of methodical principles for determining of the bulk density of chernozem. The feature of ordinary calcareous chernozem is the change in volume when moisture is varied, it was decisive when research object was choosing. Drilling and calculation methods were used to determine the soil density. Studies have shown that the dynamics of soil moisture is the reason of bulky changes in the soil, which is fixed by us in the form of parameters such as volume compaction and swelling volume. Also volume changes inevitably must be reflected in the change of the parameters of soil density. The dynamics of the bulk density when the soil moisture change is due to the phenomena of swelling and compaction exactly. At that the result of determination of soil bulk density will depend on the initial condition of soil: its moisture and, the occupied volume accordingly. The same soil can have different bulk density values - 1.2 g / cm3 and 1.8 g / cm3, respectively. These values correspond to two possible limiting status of soil as a physical body with a variable volume. We think that the available methods require a conceptual solution; when calculating the bulk density, it is proposed to take into account the dynamics of the volume of the soil, determining the interval «compaction limit of bulk density - swelling limit of bulk density».

About the formation of carbonate horizon of ordinary calcareous chernozems Morozov Igor V., Bezuglova Olga S., Minaeva Evgeniya N. Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, migovad@sfedu.ru Investigations were carried out on ordinary calcareous chernozem, which is named as migrate-segregated chernozem according to the Soil Classification of Russia (2004). The genesis of calcareous horizons is significantly linked with long-term dynamics of carbonates' precipitation. According to our opinion, upper boundary and deepness of accumulation of calcareous concentrations are determined by pulsating nature of the annual sum of atmospheric precipitations and their distribution during long-term cycle. The bottom boundary of water infiltration for significant part of atmospheric precipitations during 33th year period of observations is genetically related with a part of soil profile where calcareous concentrations are formed. About 71 % of the annual sum of atmospheric precipitations is percolated to the depth from 80 to 159 cm as a result of water infiltration into soil profile. It is an evidence of the paleomorphic nature of soil horizon where water-soluble salts and gypsum are significantly accumulated at depth 210-250 cm, and the same time is a proof of the absence of link with modern chernozemic soil-forming process.

Age and tissue-specific features of the peroxide modification of proteins against the background of emotional-painful stress and preliminary introduction of а-tocopherol Investigated age differences and the level of peroxidation of proteins of male white rats when emotional-painful stress and the introduction of α-tocopherol. The changes in the intensity of peroxide degradation of proteins in various tissues, depending on the age of the animal. Shown as a protective and prooxidant effect of α-tocopherol, depending on the age and the tissue under examination.  

The effect of humic substances and pesticides on the yield of spring wheat The paper presents the research on the effect of humic substances in tank mixtures with pesticides on the structure of the crop, the development of root rot, grain yield and quality of spring wheat.  

Disorders of cellular and humoral immunity ulcer diseases The article deals with contemporary ideas on the state of immunological reactivity under ulcer disease. The role of immune disturbances in the development of clinical manifestations of ulcer disease is shown. Interrelations of different links of the immune system, correlations between specific immunity and natural protection of the organism are considered. Found that patients observed a variety of disorders immunological reactivity. Violations of the immunological reactivity observed in the acute stage and remain in remission.  

The levels of UV-induced mutagenesis change in case of mutations in chromatin-remodeling proteins encoding genes are combined with the rad54 mutation in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae DOT1, HSM6 and ASF1 genes encode crucial protein chromatin modifiers. We studied the effects of combining dot1, hsm6 and asf1 mutations with rad54 mutation. It’s demonstrated that the enormous increase of UV-induced mutagenesis is representative for dot1rad54, hsm6rad54 and asf1rad54 double mutants. Simultaneously the levels of survival of these double mutants change under the UV light action.

Morphological and physiological parameters of erythrocytes in oxidative stress at different stages of ontogenesis The results indicate the age-related deviations from physiological level of the prevailing number of the investigated morphological and physiological parameters of peripheral erythrocytes functional status, indicating the lack of these indicators stability in the late ontogenesis, significant defects of the gas transmission function of red blood cells, especially presented when inhale rats with hydrogen sulfide gas.  

The effect of Mexidol on clinical and immunological status of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease The assessment of efficiency of meksidol therapy on clinical and immunological status has been made for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the acceptability of physical loads, quality of life and probability of survival of patients with COPD being cousidered against the background of mexidol treatment. It has been established that the use of this preparation in a complex therapy for COPD patients is accompanied by positive dynamics of respiratory symptoms and improves the quality of life of patients. Patients with COPD have a depression of absorbency of neutrophil phagocytics capacity and increasing its metabolic activity with the formation of reactive oxygen species, the probability of a 4 year survival in patients with COPD.  

Research on the influence of endogenous bioregulators, isolated from blood serum and bones of mammals, on the regeneration of amphibian limbs The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bioregulators (BR) on anurans limb regeneration and to maintain the viability of the tissues of the developing salamanders regenerate in vitro. During this work it was found that the ability of Xenopus laevis to regenerate hindlimb in metamorphosis stage depends on the level of amputation, while stimulating regeneration by BR isolated from blood serum, decreases when the regenerative capacity increases. BR from serum had a pronounced effect on the regeneration of Xenopus laevis hindlimb in vivo when amputation was in the proximal region. BR from bone and BR from serum had a protective effect on the condition of the tissue regenerated limb of the newt Pleurodeles waltl provided by cultivation in vitro.  

Investigation of thermal resistance and antagonistic properties of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using antagonistic properties of some bacteria to inhibit other (pathogenic) has been studied for many years, while little attention was paid to study such properties in yeast. The yeast metabolites and yeast cells action on gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms was different. Live yeast cells were the most antagonistically active against gram-positive microorganisms and their metabolites - in relation to gram-negative.  

Regularities of formation and erosion processes during spring snowmelt on the territory of agrolandscape and their impact on the quality of river water Analysis of the results four years of research of the snowmelt runoff formation and soil loss on the catchment area of the small river Lubozhikha showed that surface runoff and soil washout has an influence not only on the intensity of erosion processes, but also on the chemical composition of river waters.  

On the biological degradation of white phosphorus On the biological degradation of white phosphorus   1 Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry named after A.E. Arbuzov. Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Arbuzov St., 8. Kazan, 420088. Republic of Tatarstan. Russia. E-mail: mindubaev-az@yandex.ru 2 Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University. University St., 18. Kazan, 420008. Republic of Tatarstan. Russia. Abstract For the first time different taxonomic groups of microorganisms (fungi, Streptomyces and bacteria) are inoculated on culture medium containing white phosphorus as the single source of phosphorus. On these media microorganisms grew and have not experienced phosphorus starvation. It is the world's first example of the inclusion of white phosphorus in the biosphere cycle of elemental phosphorus. The highest concentration corresponds to 5000 times excess of MPC of white phosphorus in wastewater. The comparison of the sequences of ribosomal genes of the fungus, steadily metabolizing the white phosphorus, with sequences of the GenBank database, allowed us to identify this microorganism as a new strain of Aspergillus niger, to which we have assigned the number A. niger AM1. Inoculation of A. niger AM1 in medium containing just two sources of phosphorus (phosphate and white phosphorus) demonstrated that P4 does not exhibit toxic properties in relation to this microorganism. In the presence of white phosphorus it grows at the same rate as in the absence thereof. This is the only example of the lack of white phosphorus toxicity to a living organism. Our previous studies have demonstrated the absence of white phosphorus toxicity for Aspergillus niger AM1. However, the toxic properties of the substances are of different nature. It is of great interest to study the genotoxicity – a possible source of mutations. In the present work SOS-lux test has demonstrated genotoxicity of white phosphorus. This result is obtained for the first time – all the available literature sources reported no genotoxic properties of white phosphorus. Allium test showed the mitotoxic effect of white phosphorus on eukaryotic cells. A very interesting and unexpected result was the discovery of a mutant Aspergillus niger AM1. In comparison with an ancestral strain this mutant possesses an unusual morphology and grows more intensively in culture medium with white phosphorus. Three strains of A. niger, sent from the All-Russian collection of microorganisms, also showed much higher resistance to white phosphorus than bacteria. According to preliminary data, resistance to white phosphorus the A. niger is fixed in the genome.

Resource-saving elements of soybean cultivation technology on the slopes of the Rostov region Resource-saving elements of soybean cultivation technology on the slopes of the Rostov region Rychkova M.I., Gaeva E.A., Mishchenko A.V. Federal Rostov Agricultural Research Center, Rassvet. Е-mail: emmaksay@inbox.ru. Abstract. The article presents the actual results of research on the development of resource-saving elements of soybean cultivation technology, providing moisture saving, high productivity and soil protection from erosion. Two-year studies were carried out on the erosion-dangerous slope of the South-Eastern exposure of the Bolshoy Log beam, Aksai district of the Rostov region in the system of contour-landscape organization of the territory in 2017-2018. Studied two methods of primary tillage – otvalnuyu adopted for monitoring and chisel. Chisel tillage in the cultivation of soybean was performed by chisel plow. Dump processing was carried out with a plow blade. The mineral nutrition system included three backgrounds: natural fertility recommended by zonal systems and increased by half. It is established that to prevent possible erosion it is recommended to cultivate soybeans in the system of contour-band placement of fields. It is shown that the payback of the crop fertilizers on the version with the chisel treatment of the soil is higher than on the dump. Increasing the dose of fertilizer in half reduces the payback of fertilizers by 18.9-19.4 %. It is revealed that the approved soil protection (chisel) tillage can significantly reduce the erosion processes – soil flushing by 22.9%, runoff – 10.0%, the cost of fuel and lubricants-18.8%, increase the accumulation of reserves of productive moisture in the soil with a more economical expenditure, yield – by 30.2 – 32.1%, conditional net income-up to 6.6 thousand rubles /ha, profitability-by 42.1%, recoupment of direct costs yield of 1.4 rubles per ruble in comparison with the same indicators at the dump plowing.

Location on the Caucasus Potentilla multi-advisable (Potentilla multifida L.) Location on the Caucasus Potentilla multi-advisable (Potentilla multifida L.)  O.N. Demina, L.L. Rogal'  Abstract: The paper describes the Gum-Bashi Pass, which is named after the homonymous right-bank tributary of the Kuban - the Mara River. The distribution of grass vegetation on the Gum-Bashi Pass, as on the whole Rocky Caucasus Mountains, is associated with vertical zonality or altitudinal belt ecosystems. The characteristic of indigenous subalpine vegetation is given: on gentle northern slopes and plateaus of the Rocky ridge formed lush grassy meadows; Petrophytic steppes develop on the steep slopes of the southern, southeastern, and southwestern exposures. The most common types of natural forage lands on the Gum-Bashi Pass are mountain meadow communities on mountain sod-podzolic, gray and brown forest soils, and meadow-steppe communities on leached and podzolized black soil. However, the main purpose of the work is to describe a new plant species, Potentilla multifida L., which we discovered for the first time in the territory of Karachay-Cherkessia, in the Rocky Ridge system on the Gum-Bashi Pass and confirming its growth in the Caucasus. In describing this species, it is mentioned that this herbaceous perennial reaches 40 cm in height. The leaves of the plant are green above and beloiclochic below, dissected into linear lobes. The flowers are small, on thin pedicels, pale yellow. The beginning of its flowering was recorded when the species was collected. A critical summary of references to this species and an indication of the need to describe a new Caucasian form is given. In conclusion, one more time focuses on the need for this description, studying the distribution of P. multifida in the Caucasus and its phytocenotic environment. The article is illustrated with a large number of photos.

Effect of different phytohormones on Austrian sage multiplication (Salvia austriaca Jacq.) Effect of different phytohormones on Austrian sage multiplication (Salvia austriaca Jacq.) Vasilchenko Elena V., Sereda Mikhail M., Varduni Tatiana V. Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia  Abstract: The influence of phytohormones such as 6-benzylaminopurine, naphthylacetic acid and indole-3-acetic acid on the Austrian sage multiplication (Salvia austriaca Jacq.) in an in vitro culture is discussed in the paper. Austrian sage is the medicinal, essential oil, melliferous and ornamental steppe herb, included in the Red List of the Rostov region. The study was conducted in the laboratory of cellular and genomic technologies of plants of the Botanical Garden. Seeds from the collection of the Botanical Garden of the Southern Federal University were used as the primary explant. For cultivation the Murashige and Skoog medium was used. Murashige and Skoog medium without the addition of phytohormones was used as a control. Evaluation of the multiplication efficiency was carried out after 21 days. The multiplication factor was calculated as the number of new shoots. The highest multiplication factor was observed in the medium with the addition of 0.5 mg / l of 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.1 mg / l of naphthylacetic acid. This concentration of phytohormones is recommended for micropropagation of Austrian sage. The concentration of auxins (IAA and NAA) 0.3 mg/l leads to a decrease in the efficiency of Austrian sage multiplication. The height of shoot was approximately the same and no statistically significant differences were found on all tested mediums. It should be pointed out that with a greater concentration of phytohormones physiological abnormalities was observed.

Methods of soil fertility preservation on eroded slopes of Rostov region Methods of soil fertility preservation on eroded slopes of Rostov region Gaevaia Е.А. Federal Rostov Agricultural Research Center, Rassvet. Е-mail: emmaksay@inbox.ru. Abstrac: Тhe Studies were carried out in a multifactorial stationary experiment in 1991-2018 years. the Experiment is located on the slope of the beam of the Big Log of Aksai district of Rostov region. The soil of the experimental site is ordinary heavy loamy Chernozem on loess-like loam, medium-eroded. In the experiment studied two crop rotation zernopererabotki (I) and sertralineprograms (II), and three levels of organic-mineral system of fertilizers («0» – natural fertility; «1» – cattle manure 5 t + N46P24K30 and «2» – cattle manure 8 t + N84P30K48 1 hectare). The aim of the study was to study the balance of humus depending on the design of crop rotations located on the eroded slopes of the Rostov region, to identify ways to preserve soil fertility at the initial level and increase it. As a result of the research, the amount of washed soil was determined. The importance of plant residues in the accumulation of humus is shown. It is established that the intensive use of agricultural land in the Rostov region without fertilizer leads to a reduction in the humus content in the soil. The role of perennial grasses in reducing soil flushing by 35.6% was studied. It is shown that the long-term use of organic fertilizers in crop rotations at a dose of 5 tons of cattle manure and N46P24K30, as well as the introduction of 20% of perennial in the crop rotation allows to maintain a positive balance of humus at the level of (+35 kg/ha) in the grain-grass crop rotation. Increasing the dose of fertilizer to 8 tons of cattle manure and N84P30K48 contributes to the accumulation of humus up to (+100 kg/ha) in the grain crop rotation. The possibility of replacing organic fertilizers with 1-2 t/ha of wheat straw using compensatory doses of nitrogen fertilizers is shown.

To the future without poliomyelitis: the state of the epidemic, vaccination issues (review) To the future without poliomyelitis: the state of the epidemic, vaccination issues (review) Belova Olga Evgen’evna  FSRI SRC VB «Vector», Koltsovo, Novosibirsk reg., Russia  Abstract: Polio is a highly contagious viral infection that affects mainly children under five years of age, which can lead to paralysis or even death. Damage to the nervous system is manifested by fever, pain in the limbs, then peripheral irreversible paralysis. In severe cases, paralysis of the respiratory muscles can occur, which causes death. The transmission mechanism is predominantly fecal-oral. The only way to combat polio remains vaccination. The vaccine provides the development of long-term humoral and local immunity. The purpose of this work is to analyze the epidemiological situation of poliomyelitis in the world 31 years after the adoption of the Global Polio Eradication Program, and to compare the characteristics of live and inactivated polio vaccines. Issues related to the use of live oral polio vaccine and the need for its phased withdrawal from circulation, the problem of vaccine-related polioviruses and vaccine-associated paralytic polio are considered. Describes ongoing research into the development of new safe and effective polio vaccines; approaches to the development of new IPV to reduce costs, increase coverage and reduce the risks of using live polioviruses in vaccine production; new technologies for the delivery and administration of IPV; clinical studies of new vaccines and vaccination schedules. The main objectives of the strategy to complete the eradication of poliomyelitis for 2019-2023 are discussed: eradication, integration, certification and containment.

The ameliorative condition of the soil spread around the Kattakurgan reservoir and its changes The ameliorative condition of the soil spread around the Kattakurgan reservoir and its changes Abdullaev S.A.1, Jabbarov Z.A.1, Tursunulova A.1, Okolelova A.A.2, Kholdorov Sh.M.3 1National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, zafarjonjabbarov@gmail.com 2Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd, Russia, allaokol@mail.ru 3Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology – TUAT, Tokyo, Japan, sh.m.xoldorov@gmail.com Abstract: Changes in the physicomechanical properties and ameliorative state of the soil were studied using the Kattakurgan reservoir as an example; the degree of fossil, the density of irrigated lands, the dynamics of the groundwater level by years, the ameliorative state and the location of salts by layers were studied. According to the results, the indicator of soils with an inadequate ameliorative state increased from 4.22% to 5.58%. It was justified that the level of groundwater salinity is mainly between 0-1 g / l and 1-3 g / l. It is scientifically substantiated that the main effect of the Kattakurgan reservoir on soils is formed by the accumulation of salts, the effect on the physicomechanical properties is relatively small.